Cosmic-ray positrons: are there primary sources?

Galactic cosmic rays consist of primary and secondary particles. Primary cosmic rays are thought to be energized by first order Fermi acceleration processes at supernova shock fronts within our Galaxy. The cosmic rays that eventually reach the Earth from this source are mainly protons and atomic nuclei, but also include electrons. Secondary cosmic rays are created in collisions of primary particles with the diffuse interstellar gas. They are relatively rare but carry important information on the Galactic propagation of the primary particles. The secondary component includes a small fraction of antimatter particles, positrons and antiprotons. In addition, positrons and antiprotons may also come from unusual sources and possibly provide insight into new physics. For instance, the annihilation of heavy supersymmetric dark matter particles within the Galactic halo could lead to positrons or antiprotons with distinctive energy signatures. With the High-Energy Antimatter Telescope (HEAT) balloon-borne instrument, we have measured the abundances of positrons and electrons at energies between 1 and 50 GeV. The data suggest that indeed a small additional antimatter component may be present that cannot be explained by a purely secondary production mechanism. Here we describe the signature of the effect and discuss its possible origin.     

Using stable isotopes to understand seasonal and interannual dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in precipitation

Stable isotopes in precipitation are useful tracers to strengthen understanding of climate change and hydrological processes. In this study, the moisture sources of 190 precipitation events in Beijing were analysed using the Hybrid Single‐particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, based on which we studied the relation between variations in precipitation δ¹⁸O and dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in seasonal and interannual timescales. Categorization of 7 groups of moisture sources was performed, among which oceanic moisture sources presented lower δ¹⁸O in precipitation than continental moisture sources. The results show that seasonal variations of precipitation δ¹⁸O were caused by changes of moisture sources. In summer, moisture from proximal oceans dominated vapour transport to Beijing due to increasing monsoon strength and resulted in a relatively small variation of precipitation δ¹⁸O. At the interannual timescale, the variations of δ¹⁸O in summer precipitation were related to dynamics in oceanic moistures, showing depleted values when the contribution of oceanic moistures, especially the proportion of long‐distance oceanic moisture, was high. Further analysis indicated that changes of oceanic moisture sources were controlled by the strength of summer monsoons. These findings address the complexity of moisture sources in midlatitude monsoon areas and suggest that isotopic signals in precipitation have the potential to deduce changes in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation and can therefore serve for palaeoclimate reconstruction.     

猪毛菜在不同降水条件下的水分来源差异研究

通过测定大柴旦与都兰地区猪毛菜木质部水分及其不同潜在水源的稳定性氢氧同位素值,利用多源线性混合模型分析不同水分来源对猪毛菜的贡献率.研究结果表明:大柴旦地区大气降水线为y=7.565x+4.796(R²=0.908),都兰地区大气降水线为y=6.005x-7.856(R²=0.7391),说明两个地区都存在较强的蒸发作用.但是,都兰地区较大柴旦风速大,温度高,雨水蒸发速度快,造成雨水δ¹⁸O偏高,形成比大柴旦地区斜率更小的当地大气降水线.大柴旦和都兰地区的猪毛菜,在两个样地的用水策略上存在显著差异.在降水较少的大柴旦地区,猪毛菜以土壤水为主要水源.在降水较多的都兰地区,则以降水为主要水源.就其对土壤水的使用情况来看,大柴旦的猪毛菜多利用深层土壤水,而都兰地区的猪毛菜却对表层土壤水利用比例较大.两地猪毛菜在生长季的不同时期都存在对利用水源的转换现象.为适应不同地区降水量的变化,猪毛菜根据不同水源调节利用比例.降水格局的改变将导致猪毛菜的水分利用策略发生适应性的变化.     

受压煤岩破裂过程电磁辐射与能量转化规律研究

首先对煤岩单轴受压变形破裂过程产生的电磁辐射（EME）、声发射（AE）信号变化规律进行了试验研究,然后在试验测定结果的基础上分析研究了煤岩变形破裂电磁辐射与加载变形能量之间的转换关系。研究结果表明,EME值随着加载时间的增加而增强,声发射信号也呈现同样的规律;电磁辐射的幅值、脉冲数在煤岩主破裂前与应力基本成正相关的关系,出现峰值后降低,试验的各个样品均呈现此变化规律;电磁辐射能和机械能的转化曲线与煤岩单轴加载过程的应力-应变关系曲线是相对应的,且呈现三次多项式的关系。从能量转换的角度来研究煤岩变形破裂电磁辐射与应力之间的关系是可行的。     

用于多接收器等离子体质谱铜铁锌同位素测定的离子交换分离方法

采用AGMP-1阴离子交换树脂，分别以7mol／L HCl、2mol／L HCl、0．5mol／L HNO3作为淋洗剂，可有效分离Cu、Fe、Zn。介绍了方法的基本原理、化学分离过程及混合标准溶液与地质标样的分离结果。结果表明，Cu、Fe、Zn回收率均接近100％，标准溶液在离子交换分离前后同位素组成一致，可以满足多接收器等离子体质谱对Cu、Fe、Zn同位素高精度分析的要求。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定键合用硅铝丝中硅铁铜

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定硅铝丝（Al—1％Si）中Si及杂质元素Fe和Cu。确定了最少取样量和样品溶解方法,优化了元素分析谱线和仪器的测量条件。实验表明,方法的加标回收率为99％～1叭％,相对标准偏差（n=6）低于1．4％,Si、Fe、Cu的检出限分别为8．5、1．0和0．4μg／L。该方法应用于快速测定键合硅铝丝中的各种元素,结果满意。     

新疆阿尔泰南缘泥盆纪多金属成矿带Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学与构造背景探讨

新疆阿尔泰南缘晚古生代火山岩区分布着多个金属成矿带，其中以阿舍勒成矿带和可可塔勒成矿带最为著名，矿床地质研究表明，产于早-中泥盆统的多金属硫化物矿床大多具有VMS型矿床的特征。通过测定部分典型矿床的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成，发现从乔夏哈拉至可可塔勒矿区初始锶逐渐升高，由0．704407到0．714485；而εNd（t）由正值变为负值。反映成矿物质来源以幔源为主，过渡到壳源物质的混入逐渐增加。从Pb同位素特征来看，成矿带内的大多数矿床具有火山岛弧区成矿的特征，矿石铅同位素组成显示正常铅，但可可塔勒铅锌矿床矿石铅具有放射性成因铅的加入。结合成矿带内各主要块状硫化物矿床的地质和地球化学特征，本文认为阿舍勒铜锌矿可能产于与俯冲有关的弧内（弧间）盆地环境，可可塔勒铅锌矿、蒙库铁（铜）矿和铁木尔特铜铅锌矿产于弧后盆地环境。而乔夏哈拉铜铁矿Sr—Nd—Pb同位素组成显示其具有MORB特征，这与其“塞浦路斯型”块状硫化物矿床的特征相吻合。     

嵩县上庄坪铜铅锌多金属矿床地质特征及成因分析

本文着重论述了上庄坪铜铅锌多金属矿床的地质特征和成矿淀化,进行了成因分析。认为含矿岩系的物源主要来自海底火山喷发作用形成的黄铁矿化矿源层。经燕山期构造热液的叠加,驱使矿源层中的成矿元素活化、迁移,在有利的构造部位富集成矿。     

废旧放射源的检测方法及其应用

根据地勘行业所用放射源的特点，确定了废旧放射源的种类、活度、表面剂量率和表面污染率等参数的检测方法，并将方法应用于对上百个未知放射源进行检测和档案整理，效果较好。