黑棘鲷胚胎发育过程及特殊结构观察

驯化野生黑棘鲷（Acanthopagrus schlegelii）作为亲鱼,自然受精,通过溢水法收集发育同步的受精卵。受精卵孵化条件为水温（21．0±0．5）℃,盐度32～33,pH7．8～8．2,微充气。在奥林巴斯SZ61解剖镜下对黑棘鲷的胚胎发育进行观察,并使用CCD图像传感器拍照,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态...     

STUDY ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY GROWTH OF TRIPLOID AND GYNOGENETIC DIPLOID LEFI—EYED FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS （T. et S. ）

The early effects of chromosomal manipulation of eggs and sperm on the yields of trip-loid and gynogenefic diploid larvae of Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Triploidy was achieved by cold shocking fen.ilized eggs at 0 - 2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fen.ilization, and the in-duced triploidy rates were 31.2% - 50% and the relative hatching rates were 53.3% - 99%. Gynnge-aetic diploids were obtained when eggs were inseminated with irradiated sperm and cold shocked at 0 -2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fertihzation. The induced gynogenetic diploid rates and the relative hatching rates were 94 % - 96 % and 48.5 % - 68.5 % respectively. The embryonic development of the triploid experimental group and of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group was delayed at first compared with the control group. But from the gastrula stage, it was not delayed anymore. There were no significant differences in the growth of the triploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae, and in the growth of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae ac-cording to Student‘s t-test (α = 0.05). The relationship between the early growth of the triploid experi-mental group larvae and that of gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae was also studied.     

温度对脊尾白虾胚胎及幼体发育的影响研究

为进一步阐明脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的繁殖生物学习性, 作者分别以脊尾白虾受精卵和初孵幼体为实验对象, 研究了温度对脊尾白虾胚胎发育及幼体发育的影响。结果表明, 温度对孵化时间及胚胎孵化率影响显著(P<0.05): 在实验温度范围内(19～31℃), 胚胎发育进程随温度升高而加快, 19℃和31℃条件下胚胎孵化时间分别为(536.50±18.33) h 和(218.68±5.51) h; 胚胎孵化率在25℃下最高为64.11%±12.54%, 较高(28～31℃)和较低(19～22℃)温度下的胚胎孵化率显著降低。温度对脊尾白虾幼体发育影响显著(P<0.05): 在16～32℃范围内, 体长增长率随温度的升高而增加, 但幼体发育持续时间随温度的升高而减少, 16℃和32℃条件下幼体变态为仔虾所需时间分别为孵化后(27.60±0.22)d和(7.75±0.07)d, 较低温度范围内(16～28℃)P₁变态存活率随温度升高而升高, 28℃的P₁变态存活率最高达91.67%±7.64%。但当温度继续升高时, 幼体的变态存活率急剧降低, 36℃时幼体不能变态为仔虾。根据曲线拟合方程推算的最适胚胎发育和幼体发育温度分别为25.33℃和27.60℃。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗的管理提供参考和依据。     

四产地卤虫休眠胚胎的发育期及细胞数的初步观察

用石蜡切片法观察了青海尕海(GH)、新疆阿其克库勒湖(AQK)、西藏(XZ,具体产地不明)、新疆鲸鱼湖(JYH)4个卤虫种群休眠胚胎所处的发育期,发现4个种群卤虫休胚胎均处于原肠期;通过压片染色法对4个卤虫种群休眠胚胎的细胞核计数显示,其胚胎细胞数分别为3441±164(GH),3412±171(AQK),3736±212(XZ),3861±155(JYH)个。     

四指马鲅胚胎发育观察

利用人工培育的2龄四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tetradactylum)亲鱼自然产卵受精而获得的受精卵在实验室中孵化和培育,对受精卵胚胎发育到仔鱼孵出的全过程进行详细的观察记录.结果表明:四指马鲅受精卵呈圆球形,卵膜光滑,单油球.平均卵径675.78μm,油球平均直径258.46μm.在水温为31~33℃,盐度为27.50~28.00,p H值为8.2条件下,胚胎发育用时13 h 52 min,可分为卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、胚体形成、器官分化和孵化6个阶段,初孵仔鱼全长1.46±0.25 mm,3DAH仔鱼全长2.42±0.18 mm,口和肛门张开,仔鱼开口摄食.     

小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)胚胎发育及仔、稚鱼形态特征观察

采用干法授精方法获得受精卵,在人工培育条件下对小黄鱼的胚胎及仔稚鱼形态发育进行观察,描述了各发育时期的发育时序和形态特征。结果表明,小黄鱼受精卵呈圆球形,无色透明,单油球,浮性,卵径(1413±73)μm,油球径(465±23)μm。在水温(18±0.5)?C,盐度28下,历时50h40min完成孵化。初孵仔鱼全长(3256±112)μm,卵黄囊长径(1260±50)μm,短径(894±65)μm,肌节32对。在水温(19±1)?C下,仔、稚鱼发育历时35天,4日龄仔鱼开口摄食,6日龄卵黄囊消失,10日龄油球消失,15日龄尾椎骨向上弯曲,25日龄全长(7467±550)μm,各鳍发育基本完成,进入稚鱼期,35日龄全长(22158±420)μm,全身被鳞,进入幼鱼期。     

太平洋牡蛎配子和精子入卵的扫描电镜观察及胚胎发育的初步研究

通过扫描电镜观察 ,太平洋牡蛎精子由头部、中段和尾段组成。精子全长约 2 1 .6μm ,尾段长约 1 8.2 μm ,末端观察到“针眼”样结构 ;头部最大处的直径约 2 .6μm ;中段直径约 1 .1 μm ;未成熟精子尾段中部出现膨大 ,该处直径约 0 .3μm。卵呈梨形 ;卵的直径约为 41 .9μm。卵表面有微绒毛组成的皱折结构 ,可见卵黄膜孔。卵质收回时 ,在卵表面卵柄处可见明显的树枝状结构。受精后 ,受精卵表面的卵黄膜剥离处可见较多数量的皮质小泡。在水温2 1 .2～ 2 3.5℃ ,精卵混合 34min时 ,释时出第 1极体 ;1h2 2min时 ,放出第 2极体 ;2 1h55min时 ,胚胎发育至初期D形幼虫。     

环境温度和盐度对墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)胚胎发育的影响

以自然成熟的亲虾为材料,观察并描述了墨吉明对虾(Fenneropenaeus merguiensis)从受精卵到幼体孵化出膜的胚胎发育过程。结果显示,在水温29°C,盐度28的条件下,墨吉明对虾整个胚胎发育过程需要11h左右。水温和盐度对幼体出膜时间和受精卵的孵化率均有显著的影响(P0.05)。孵化水温从32°C下降到23°C时,幼体出膜时间由555min(9.25h)增加到1108min(18.46h)。胚胎发育的最适水温为26—32°C,在此温度范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间与水温呈负相关。胚胎发育的最适盐度25—35,在此范围内,墨吉明对虾的幼体出膜时间和孵化率均无显著差异(P0.05),说明墨吉明对虾的胚胎发育的盐度范围较广。