跨海桥梁GPS高程拟合方法

针对跨海桥梁高程基准传递的技术难题,该文阐述了GPS高程拟合的基本原理,分析了高程拟合中的几个关键技术问题,总结出了GPS高程拟合的技术要点及提高拟合精度的措施。提出了基于二次多项式曲面的跨海桥梁工程GPS高程拟合方法,利用港珠澳大桥工程区域内的21个高精度GPS水准点建立二次多项式曲面拟合模型,并用另外7个点进行检核。结果显示:模型的内符合精度为±8.7mm,外符合精度为±12.4mm,2个海中测量平台控制点的拟合高程达到二等水准测量精度要求。     

车载移动测量系统在建筑物立面改造中的应用

随着城市现代化建设的深入,临街建筑物的立面改造成为当今城市化建设面临的重大课题。本文结合合肥市临街建筑物立面改造工作,阐述了以车载移动测量系统为数据采集设备进行建筑物外立面成图的方法,为立面改造提供了基础数据。以工程实例说明利用车载移动测量系统进行建筑物立面采集工作能够明显地提高工作效率,为移动测量系统在建筑物立面改造中的应用提供参考。     

Creating high-resolution bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs) from stereo imagery in an area of densely vegetated deciduous forest using combinations of procedures designed for lidar point cloud filtering

For areas of the world that do not have access to lidar, fine-scale digital elevation models (DEMs) can be photogrammetrically created using globally available high-spatial resolution stereo satellite imagery. The resultant DEM is best termed a digital surface model (DSM) because it includes heights of surface features. In densely vegetated conditions, this inclusion can limit its usefulness in applications requiring a bare-earth DEM. This study explores the use of techniques designed for filtering lidar point clouds to mitigate the elevation artifacts caused by above ground features, within the context of a case study of Prince William Forest Park, Virginia, USA. The influences of land cover and leaf-on vs. leaf-off conditions are investigated, and the accuracy of the raw photogrammetric DSM extracted from leaf-on imagery was between that of a lidar bare-earth DEM and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM. Although the filtered leaf-on photogrammetric DEM retains some artifacts of the vegetation canopy and may not be useful for some applications, filtering procedures significantly improved the accuracy of the modeled terrain. The accuracy of the DSM extracted in leaf-off conditions was comparable in most areas to the lidar bare-earth DEM and filtering procedures resulted in accuracy comparable of that to the lidar DEM.     

顾及地形起伏特征的线性预测滤波方法

传统的线性预测滤波算法将目标点云划分为多个栅格,滤波在每一个栅格内进行,而滤波栅格大小,需要用户手动调整。针对此问题,该文提出一种从机载激光扫描数据中生成数字高程模型(DEM)的有效方法。引入统计学变量——面高程变异系数,刻画地形起伏特征,并建立线性预测滤波算法中栅格大小与面高程变异系数之间的函数关系。最后,利用几组点云数据为研究对象验证该方法的有效性,实验结果表明,该方法能自适应地根据地形的起伏特征调整滤波参数,得到比较理想的地面点数据,最终内插得到高精度的DEM。     

3S技术在上海滩涂管理中的应用

针对海塘滩涂基础信息数据在信息管理系统建设中的重要性，详细介NT3S技术在海塘滩涂行业数据采集、处理、更新和分析中的应用，分别阐述了GPS、RS和GIS技术在海塘滩涂行业日常管理中发挥的重要作用。     

利用等高线生成DEM方法的研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是地理信息系统的一种基础数据。高质量数字高程模型的建立是DEM应用的重要前提。等高线地图作为生成DEM的重要而廉价的数据来源,具有十分重要的研究价值。介绍数字高程模型的概念、表示方法和主要表示模型等理论基础。论述了从等高线建立规则格网(Grid)和不规则三角网(TIN)的常用方法,对这些方法作了比较分析。就如何从等高线建立高质量DEM为目的,具体论述了从等高线的预处理、等高线的赋值、等高线的简化直到最后生成DEM整个过程的实现方法。     

GPS高程转换的应用研究

在对GPS高程测量的原理和方法进行初步的探讨的基础上,结合工程应用实际,以数值拟合为主,建立了高程转换的数学模型,同时用VB开发了GPS高程控制转换系统,经试实验测试得出了一些参考性的结论。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的组合模型在区域似大地水准面拟合中的应用

针对最小二乘支持向量机（least squares support vector machine,LSSVM）在区域似大地水准面拟合过程中存在较大模型误差的问题,构建LSSVM-Shepard GPS高程异常转换组合模型。采用LSSVM拟合高程异常中的中长波项,利用Shepard插值模型来泛化去除中长波项的残余项。结合平原地区和高原山区工程实例,分别采用二次曲面模型、LSSVM、Shepard插值模型、二次曲面-Shepard模型、LSSVM-Shepard模型进行高程转换及精度对比。结果表明,新组合模型高程转换精度高于各单一模型,且在平原地区转换效果与二次曲面-Shepard模型基本一致,在高原山区拟合效果优于二次曲面-Shepard模型。     

Coupling near-surface geomorphology with mangrove community diversity at the estuarine scale: A case study at Dongzhaigang Bay,China

Coastal wetlands are key features of the Earth's surface and are characterized by a diverse array of coupled geomorphological and biological processes. However, the links between the distribution of biodiversity (for example, species and structural diversity) and the formation of coastal geomorphology are not well-understood on a landscape scale most useful to coastal zone managers. This study describes the relationship between select geomorphological and biological mangrove community features (i.e. species composition and functional root type) in a landscape-distributed coastal zone of Dongzhaigang Bay, north-eastern Hainan Island, China. A total of 11 mangrove species and five functional aerial root types were encountered, with the location of species by root types being controlled by the elevation of the soil surface. Plank roots, prop roots and pneumatophores occupied the lowest intertidal elevations, while knee roots and fibrous roots of the mangrove fern, Acrostichum aureum, preferred the highest intertidal elevations. Surface sediment deposition in areas with mangroves was greater than deposition in non-mangrove forest zones, establishing an important biological mechanism for this large-area response because surface erosion/compaction was also more prominent within mangrove roots. Indeed, functional root type influenced the magnitude of deposition, erosion and compaction, with knee roots and pneumatophores being more effective in promoting deposition and preventing surface erosion/compaction than prop roots. These results indicate a potential role for vegetation type (especially functional root type) to influence coastal geomorphological processes at large landscape scales. While soil surface elevation is correlated to the distribution of mangrove species and functional root types, a significant feedback exists between elevation change and the capacity of those root types to influence coastal geomorphological differentiation within sustainable intertidal elevations. An enhanced understanding of geomorphological development, mangrove species distribution and functional root type may improve management to support nature-based solutions that adjust more effectively to sea-level rise through feedbacks.     

Image classification-based ground filtering of point clouds extracted from UAV-based aerial photos

With the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for mapping applications, it is possible to generate 3D dense point clouds using stereo images. This technology, however, has some disadvantages when compared to Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system. Unlike LiDAR, digital cameras mounted on UAVs are incapable of viewing beneath the canopy, which leads to sparse points on the bare earth surface. In such cases, it is more challenging to remove points belonging to above-ground objects using ground filtering algorithms generated especially for LiDAR data. To tackle this problem, a methodology employing supervised image classification for filtering 3D point clouds is proposed in this study. A classified image is overlapped with the point cloud to determine the ground points to be used for digital elevation model (DEM) generation. Quantitative evaluation results showed that filtering the point cloud with this methodology has a good potential for high-resolution DEM generation.