基于GIS的河道贴体网格自动生成算法研究

利用地理信息系统(GIS)基于空间位置信息的技术特点,对河道贴体网格的自动化生成算法进行了研究。基于GIS矢量线的节点间空间位置关系,对任意位置上的河道流向进行了较高精度的数值表达,进而实现了河道断面的自动剖分;设计出一系列算法,解决了网格生成过程中可能出现的交叉、拧绕等问题,从而保证了剖分网格对河道区域平面分布的自适应性特征;基于数字高程模型(DEM)高程插值,对河道区域地表模型进行重建与分析,生成得到的河道贴体网格。经验证,该算法具有较好的贴体性质和较高的运算效率。     

Use of a three‐dimensional laser scanner to digitally capture the topography of sand dunes in high spatial resolution

We herein report the results of a ?eld study that was designed to test the feasibility of using ground‐based LIDAR to map the topography of a sand dune in high spatial resolution. A portable Cyrax 2500 three‐dimensional (3D) laser scanner was used to digitally capture the topography of a barchan, roughly 4 m tall and 50 m long, located in the White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. We performed eleven scans around the barchan and obtained the elevation relative to the inter‐dune ?at at roughly ¹/₄ million points on the dune surface. The elevation point data were then interpolated to yield a continuous surface model of the dune topography with c. 10 cm spatial resolution and c. 6 mm position accuracy. The results from this ?eld study clearly demonstrate the potential of ground‐based LIDAR as a mapping tool for use in aeolian research and other earth science applications. The 3D surface model of the dune can describe the morphology with hitherto unprecedented detail. Moreover, the surface of the dune is mapped with a minimum of foot traf?c on the dune itself. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SOME RULES OF VARIATION COEFFICIENT OF ANNUAL RAINFALL IN XINJIANG, CHINA

In this paper,the variation of annual rainfall in Xinjiang by variation coefficient (C_v) widely used in statistics and hydrology is studied.Based on analysing of 25 years' observational data in 98 stations,the authors found that the variation coefficient of annual rainfall has better relation with annual rainfall and sea level elevation,which can be expressed by a bivariate function.This discovery is no doubt valuable to the study of climatic theory and water resources in the area where data are rare.     

Automatic extraction of lineament information from satellite images using digital elevation data

Using conventional visual interpretation in lineament analysis presents two main problems. The first is subjectivity, introduced because of the bias of various interpreters. The second problem is that lineaments detected from satellite images are constrained by the direction of the illumination source. Since lineament identification mainly involves recognition of diagnostic morphological features, the use of digital elevation can contribute significant information about these features. Further, in generating images using digital elevation data, the direction of illumination can easily be controlled. Thus, the use of digital elevation data offers the possibility of revealing features not apparent in regular satellite images.We discuss a sequential line detection method for extraction of linear features from digital elevation data. In this method, raw elevation data is used for generating shaded relief images using the Lambertian reflection model, wherein the illumination direction is controlled by the user. The Directional Segment Detection Algorithm (DSDA) is used for detecting linear topographic features in user-defined trends. Locational information about these linear features is stored in the computer as coordinate pairs amenable to editing and subsequent analysis. Finally, three-dimensional terrain models are generated by combining the digital elevation data and satellite images. The experiments were carried out using digital elevation data of southwest Japan and Landsat MSS data.     

基于车载移动测量系统的立面测量方法

立面测量是建筑物整治改造、城市化建设中的重要工作。针对传统测量手段周期长、人员投入率高、效率低下等问题,本文尝试应用车载移动测量系统开展立面测量工作。介绍了车载移动测量系统的定位原理和用于立面测量的工作流程,阐述了生产过程中涉及的外业数据采集、内业数据处理、缺失点云补测等技术方案,并结合工程实例对系统的测图精度进行验证,结果显示中误差均在限差范围之内,证明该方法能够满足立面数据获取要求。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的组合模型在区域似大地水准面拟合中的应用

针对最小二乘支持向量机（least squares support vector machine,LSSVM）在区域似大地水准面拟合过程中存在较大模型误差的问题,构建LSSVM-Shepard GPS高程异常转换组合模型。采用LSSVM拟合高程异常中的中长波项,利用Shepard插值模型来泛化去除中长波项的残余项。结合平原地区和高原山区工程实例,分别采用二次曲面模型、LSSVM、Shepard插值模型、二次曲面-Shepard模型、LSSVM-Shepard模型进行高程转换及精度对比。结果表明,新组合模型高程转换精度高于各单一模型,且在平原地区转换效果与二次曲面-Shepard模型基本一致,在高原山区拟合效果优于二次曲面-Shepard模型。     

Modelling of piping collapses and gully headcut landforms:Evaluating topographic variables from different types of DEM

The geomorphic studies are extremely dependent on the quality and spatial resolution of digital elevation model(DEM)data.The unique terrain characteristics of a particular landscape are derived from DEM,which are responsible for initiation and development of ephemeral gullies.As the topographic features of an area significantly influences on the erosive power of the water flow,it is an important task the extraction of terrain features from DEM to properly research gully erosion.Alongside,topography is highly correlated with other geo-environmental factors i.e.geology,climate,soil types,vegetation density and floristic composition,runoff generation,which ultimately influences on gully occurrences.Therefore,terrain morphometric attributes derived from DEM data are used in spatial prediction of gully erosion susceptibility(GES)mapping.In this study,remote sensing-Geographic information system(GIS)tech-niques coupled with machine learning(ML)methods has been used for GES mapping in the parts of Semnan province,Iran.Current research focuses on the comparison of predicted GES result by using three types of DEM i.e.Advanced Land Observation satellite(ALOS),ALOS World 3D-30 m(AW3D30)and Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER)in different resolutions.For further progress of our research work,here we have used thirteen suitable geo-environmental gully erosion conditioning factors(GECFs)based on the multi-collinearity analysis.ML methods of conditional inference forests(Cforest),Cubist model and Elastic net model have been chosen for modelling GES accordingly.Variable's importance of GECFs was measured through sensitivity analysis and result show that elevation is the most important factor for occurrences of gullies in the three aforementioned ML methods(Cforest=21.4,Cubist=19.65 and Elastic net=17.08),followed by lithology and slope.Validation of the model's result was performed through area under curve(AUC)and other statistical indices.The validation result of AUC has shown that Cforest is the most appropriate model for predicting the GES assessment in three different DEMs(AUC value of Cforest in ALOS DEM is 0.994,AW3D30 DEM is 0.989 and ASTER DEM is 0.982)used in this study,followed by elastic net and cubist model.The output result of GES maps will be used by decision-makers for sustainable development of degraded land in this study area.     

利用等高线生成DEM方法的研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是地理信息系统的一种基础数据。高质量数字高程模型的建立是DEM应用的重要前提。等高线地图作为生成DEM的重要而廉价的数据来源,具有十分重要的研究价值。介绍数字高程模型的概念、表示方法和主要表示模型等理论基础。论述了从等高线建立规则格网(Grid)和不规则三角网(TIN)的常用方法,对这些方法作了比较分析。就如何从等高线建立高质量DEM为目的,具体论述了从等高线的预处理、等高线的赋值、等高线的简化直到最后生成DEM整个过程的实现方法。     

GPS高程转换的应用研究

在对GPS高程测量的原理和方法进行初步的探讨的基础上,结合工程应用实际,以数值拟合为主,建立了高程转换的数学模型,同时用VB开发了GPS高程控制转换系统,经试实验测试得出了一些参考性的结论。     

3D地图打印技术研究

2015年9月美国3D打印机在河北省制图院落户。笔者结合其配套打印软件,组织技术人员反复实践,研发出一套符合我国实际的3D地图生产工艺流程,成功解决了基础地理信息国标数据格式向3D格式数据转换、3D地形模型编辑、3D符号设计等一系列难题。该技术融合了3ds Max、ArcGIS、Global Mapper等多种软件制图技术,具备实用性强、可操作性强、推广价值较高等优点。产品涵盖晕渲地图、正射影像地图、专题地图、物理沙盘等品种。3D打印地图具备以下特点：色彩鲜艳、地形直观逼真;色彩设计自由,富于变化;精度高;可接收多源数据;生产效率高。