An investigation of the geometric controls on the morphological evolution of small-scale salt terrains,Cardona, Spain

Small-scale terrains on salt materials were surveyed with a Total Station and a series of digital elevation models (DEMs) constructed. Two sets of observations were made, eight months apart, during which the terrains underwent significant erosion. The difference in elevation shown by the DEMs, calculated by subtraction, is a measure of surface erosion of the salt terrains. The erosion rate was analysed with respect to four terrain parameters calculated in the software. High erosion rates, and their strong control by terrain slope, are demonstrated, supporting an earlier study using erosion pins. Slope profile curvature is also indicated as having some influence. The combination of scanning Total Station and DEM software is shown to be an effective tool for investigating rapid geomorphic change at this scale of study.     

数字高程模型预处理方法的研究进展

数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,简称DEM)是地形表面形态属性的数字化表达,被广泛应用于流域水文模拟中河网水系的提取.从DEM直接提取的河网水系及相关的流域地理空间信息,是分布式水文模拟的地理信息平台.由于DEM中洼地和平坦区的存在会影响水流方向的确定和数字河网的正确提取.因此在河网自动提取过程中必须首先对DEM数据进行预处理.本文对国内外各种DEM预处理方法进行了归纳总结.将DEM数据预处理方法分为两大类:分步处理法,以及一体化处理法.分步处理法按处理对象又可分为洼地处理方法和平坦区处理方法两部分;而一体化处理法则采用迭代算法同时对洼地和平地进行处理.     

嫦娥一号立体影像的摄影测量内部精度估算

本文采用APOLLO影像模拟生成的嫦娥一号三线阵CCD影像及其卫星的轨道与姿态模拟参数,按等效框幅像片(EFP)法和自由外方位元素(FEO)法分别计算摄影测量坐标系内的外方位元素及模型点坐标,生成了数字高程模型(DEM)、等高线、正射影像及三维地形仿真影像,评估了从模拟月球三线阵CCD影像生成的摄影测量成果的预期精度。     

基于决策规则的遥感影像土地利用信息提取

遥感作为近几十年迅速发展起来的一门综合性技术学科,己经在许多领域发挥了重大作用。通过对遥感数据进行专题分类处理以得到土地利用等专题信息是遥感最广泛的应用领域之一。尽管土地利用遥感分类方法不断发展,但分类技术始终跟不上遥感技术本身的发展。本论文的主要目标之一就是以沈阳矿区为研究区,利用多源遥感数据结合地面实地调查,围绕遥感图像,采用常规的最大似然分类法,同时采用选用决策树分类方法,对不同数据源得到的信息进行综合分析,充分利用其中的光谱信息、地学知识以及人的经验知识进行土地利用分类,从而更好地为地方土地有效利用提供决策依据。     

DEM坡度、坡向的有效尺度范围

采用曲面矢量合成方法,通过比较点位上的坡度、坡向的矢量值与以点为中心、一定范围地形曲面上的矢量值,进行了DEM坡度、坡向的有效尺度范围研究。结果表明,格网中心点上计算得到的坡度、坡向所代表的范围是DEM分辨率的1.7~2.7倍。这种规律在不同的地貌样区是普遍存在的,且不受DEM分辨率的影响。     

Loess terrain segmentation from digital elevation models based on the region growth method

Regional automatic segmentation – automatic terrain segmentation according to terrain features – is significant for modern geographical analysis. We propose a new approach of terrain region segmentation based on the region growth method. This method features actual runoff nodes as seed points. The corresponding growth threshold is defined based on statistical analysis of quantitative indexes of topographic features. Terrain segmentation of some regions is completed using the growth threshold. The corresponding edge boundaries of different terrain regions are extracted by image processing. Thus, the automatic segmentation of the terrain region is realized by the edge boundary. The application of the method to a typical Chinese loess landform area and automatic segmentation of three types of terrain regions – gully interfluve land, gully slope land, and gully groove land – are achieved by analyzing characteristics of the curvature structure of surface profiles. Segmentation results, compared with results of visual interpretation from a high-precision digital orthophoto map, show an average accuracy of segmentation of 93.51%. Topographic factor features of segmentation results are statistically analyzed. This study presents an effective and practical approach for segmenting terrain regions. This approach may be incorporated into the theory and method system of digital terrain analysis.     

Geomorphometry on the surface of a triaxial ellipsoid: towards the solution of the problem

Existing algorithms of geomorphometry can be applied to digital elevation models (DEMs) given with plane square grids or spheroidal equal angular grids on the surface of an ellipsoid of revolution or a sphere. Computations on spheroidal equal angular grids are trivial for modelling of the Earth, Mars, the Moon, Venus, and Mercury. This is because: (a) forms of these celestial bodies can be described by an ellipsoid of revolution or a sphere and (b) for these surfaces, there are well-developed theory and algorithms to solve the inverse geodetic problem as well as to determine spheroidal trapezoidal areas. It is advisable to apply a triaxial ellipsoid for describing the forms of small moons and asteroids. However, there are no geomorphometric algorithms intended for such a surface. In this article, first, we formulate the problem of geomorphometric modelling on a triaxial ellipsoid surface. Then, we recall definitions and formulae for coordinate systems of a triaxial ellipsoid and their transformation. Next, we present analytical and computational solutions, which provide the basis for geomorphometric modelling on the surface of a triaxial ellipsoid. The Jacobi solution for the inverse geodetic problem has a fundamental mathematical character. The Bespalov solutions for determination of the length of meridian/parallel arcs and the spheroidal trapezoidal areas are computationally efficient. Finally, we describe easy-to-code algorithms for derivation of local and non-local morphometric variables from DEMs based on a spheroidal equal angular grid of a triaxial ellipsoid.     

Reducing the grid orientation dependence of flow routing on square-grid digital elevation models

Topographical parameters derived from digital elevation models by employing flow routing algorithms may depend on the orientation of the square grid. Grid orientation dependence results from the insufficient isotropy of square grid and affects the flow directions and subsequent calculations based on flow routing. In this article, a systematic approach for analysing the rotational invariance of flow accumulation calculations is presented and applied. Computed flow accumulation maps are found to depend strongly on the grid orientation, especially if flow routing methods with low dispersion are used. It is also shown that isotropy of flow routing algorithms can be significantly improved by introducing a numerical parameter resulting in adjustable weighting for cardinal and diagonal directions in flow routing. The actual value of this parameter depends on the used flow routing method.     

无地面控制的海岸带航空遥感测量精度研究——机载LiDAR用于胶州湾海岸带测量

海岛海岸带地区,地理位置特殊,不便地形测量;对该区域进行航空遥感测量时,由于区域内大部分为低纹理地区,进行同名点匹配有困难,且不易进行野外控制点加密测量。机载(LIDAR)因其发射的激光脉冲能部分地穿透树林遮挡,具有一定的透水性能,能获得滩涂地区的高程,并且其系统配备的全球定位系统(GPS)和惯性测量系统(INS),使其定位精度得到很好的保证。文中选用胶州湾沿岸为试验区域,采用Leica公司的ALS70在低潮时进行测区的数据获取,并对结果进行精度分析,得出在该区域采用机载激光扫描系统ALS70进行无野外控制点加密的航空遥感,成果精度能满足1∶5 000比例尺测图的需要。