车载移动测量系统在建筑物立面改造中的应用

随着城市现代化建设的深入,临街建筑物的立面改造成为当今城市化建设面临的重大课题。本文结合合肥市临街建筑物立面改造工作,阐述了以车载移动测量系统为数据采集设备进行建筑物外立面成图的方法,为立面改造提供了基础数据。以工程实例说明利用车载移动测量系统进行建筑物立面采集工作能够明显地提高工作效率,为移动测量系统在建筑物立面改造中的应用提供参考。     

基于RTK-GPS的北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面高程变化研究

基于多期RTK-GPS(Real Time Kinematic-Global Position System)高精度测量数据,通过冰面高程变化开展北极Austre Lovénbreen冰川物质变化研究。首先基于冰面GPS测点开展多种空间插值方法的比对,兼顾冰面DEM(Digital Elevation Model)的平滑特性以及插值结果的准确性,优选自然邻域法作为冰面地形的插值算法;继而利用2013—2015年3期RTK-GPS数据,通过冰面地形内插和测线交叉点比对两种方式开展了Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面高程变化的分析,结果表明交叉点方法的精度更高,而地形内插法在测线之间的空白区域存在较大误差。最后通过冰雪密度估计将高程变化转化为水当量,计算相应时段的冰川物质平衡:积累区密度取500 kg·m^-3,消融区密度取900 kg·m^-3,得到2013—2014年和2014—2015年的物质平衡分别为–0.277m w.e.和0.065m w.e.。该物质平衡结果相较于传统的冰面物质平衡而言存在一定的差异,主要源于测量时段的不一致,以及可能存在的冰川内部物质变化。此外,将RTK-GPS交叉点高程的年际变化与所在高程进行联合分析,发现冰川物质变化与冰川高程分布既有较强的相关性,部分区域也存在一些差异。总体而言,冰川物质年变化的海拔梯度为2.67‰,在海拔越低的区域冰川消融得越快,随海拔上升消融减慢,在高海拔或冰川边缘区域还存在少量物质积累。     

北黄海盆地构造运动学解析

以最新的地质 地球物理资料和北黄海盆地构造几何学特征为基础,采用盆地反演模拟与宏观分析相结合的方法,系统解析了北黄海盆地的构造运动学特征。研究表明,北黄海盆地在中、新生代时期经历了水平伸展、水平挤压、相对平移(走滑)以及垂直差异升降等几种运动型式,其中,水平伸展运动和垂直差异升降运动是北黄海盆地构造运动及形成演化的主体。水平伸展运动可以划分为J3-K1、E2和E3三个主要“伸展事件”,并控制着盆地的成盆演化,其南北向伸展强度均东强西弱,东西向最大伸展强度自中生代到新生代由东向西迁移。水平挤压运动主要有晚白垩世和渐新世末-中新世初期两期。相对平移(走滑)运动伴随水平伸展运动和水平挤压运动发生,使多数NNE向、NW向断裂具有相对压扭或张扭平移(走滑)性质,其中尤以NNE向断裂更为明显。垂直差异升降运动具有“幕式”渐进之特点,晚侏罗世、早白垩世、始新世、渐新世以及中新世中晚期以来为沉降期,其中尤以始新世的沉降速率最大,晚白垩世、古新世、中新世早期为抬升剥蚀期;盆地的中、新生代沉降作用具有明显的自东向西迁移规律:东部坳陷以中生代沉降作用最为显著,中部坳陷主沉降期为始新世,而西部坳陷的快速沉降主要发生在始新世,并一直持续到渐新世。     

基于数字填图系统的遥感等数据在构造-地层分区和地层单位识别中的应用——以1：25万民和县幅、临夏市幅和定西市幅数字地质填图为例

在甘肃和青海交界地区的1：257Y民和县幅、临夏市幅和定西市幅数字区域地质调查中,以“数字填图系统（RGMAP）”为平台,使用遥感ETM^＋数据和地形数据对岩石地层进行了信息挖掘。数据准备主要是遥感和数字地形多源信息的提取和预处理．从数字地形图的等高线数据中提取高程,进而提取汇水网络等水文信息和地形参数。遥感数据经过地形校正、线性增强、色彩拉伸,进行空间分辨率增强,经彩色合成并结合数字高程,实现了对调查区构造-地层区划和部分岩石地层单元的识别。实践证明该项工作是地质填图的重要辅助手段。     

贵州高原复杂地形下太阳总辐射精细空间分布

海拔、坡度、坡向以及周围地形遮蔽作用,造成山区各部位接受到的太阳辐射能有很大差异. 在前人研究的基础上,对以前的模型进行了一些改进,考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响,基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据,研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下太阳总辐射的分布式模型,在模型中还考虑了散射辐射的各向异性及坡地反射辐射对复杂地形下太阳总辐射的影响.应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料,计算了贵州高原复杂地形下100 m×100 m分辨率的复杂地形下太阳总辐射.结果表明:(1) 局地地形因子如坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等对太阳总辐射影响显著,地形对复杂地形下太阳总辐射的影响是不容忽视的.(2)在缺乏复杂地形下坡面考察资料的情况下,建立以常规气象站观测资料为主的物理经验统计模型是实现细网格辐射资源计算的可行途径.     

Regional relief characteristics and denudation pattern of the western Southern Alps, New Zealand

The Southern Alps of New Zealand are the topographic expression of active oblique continental convergence of the Australian and Pacific plates. Despite inferred high rates of tectonic and climatic forcing, the pattern of differential uplift and erosion remains uncertain. We use a 25-m DEM to conduct a regional-scale relief analysis of a 250-km long strip of the western Southern Alps (WSA). We present a preliminary map of regional erosion and denudation by overlaying mean basin relief, a modelled stream-power erosion index, river incision rates, historic landslide denudation rates, and landslide density. The interplay between strong tectonic and climatic forcing has led to relief production that locally attains 2 km in major catchments, with mean values of 0.65–0.68 km. Interpolation between elevations of major catchment divides indicates potential removal of l0¹–10³ km³, or a mean basin relief of 0.51–0.85 km in the larger catchments. Local relief and inferred river incision rates into bedrock are highest about 50–67% of the distance between the Alpine fault and the main divide. The mean regional relief variability is ± 0.5 km.Local relief, valley cross-sectional area, and catchment width correlate moderately with catchment area, and also reach maximum values between the range front and the divide. Hypsometric integrals show scale dependence, and together with hypsometric curves, are insufficient to clearly differentiate between glacial and fluvial dominated basins. Mean slope angle in the WSA (ψ = 30°) is lower where major longitudinal valleys and extensive ice cover occur, and may be an insensitive measure of regional relief. Modal slope angle is strikingly uniform throughout the WSA (φ = 38–40°), and may record adjustment to runoff and landsliding. Both ψ and φ show non-linear relationships with elevation, which we attribute to dominant geomorphic process domains, such as fluvial processes in low-altitude valley trains, surface runoff and frequent landsliding on montane hillslopes, “relief dampening” by glaciers, and rock fall/avalanching on steep main-divide slopes.     

Smoothing of digital elevation models and the alteration of overland flow path length distributions

DEM smoothing is a common pre-processing technique used to remove undesirable roughness from a DEM. However, it is hypothesized that smoothing straightens and reduces the length of overland flow paths, which is an important factor controlling modelled time-to-peak flow. Currently, there is a lack of research comparing how different smoothing techniques alter the distribution of overland flow path length. Four low-pass filtering techniques were applied to three fine-resolution LiDAR DEMs of varying relief: the mean filter, the median filter, the Gaussian filter, and the feature-preserving DEM smoothing (FPDEMS) filter, each with different degrees of smoothing. Downslope-distance-to-stream distributions were then derived using D8 and D∞ flow directions and statistically compared to distributions derived from the unsmoothed DEM for each study site. The results indicate that the alteration of flow path length distributions as a result of smoothing is complex. Mean flow path lengths may decrease or increase in response to smoothing, depending on landscape relief and the derivation of flow directions, and generalized flow paths may become longer. The largest increase in mean flow path lengths was 19.2 m using the 21 × 21 median filter and D8 flow directions in the high-relief study site, relative to an unsmoothed mean length of 138.6 m in this site. The largest decrease in mean flow path length was 48.9 m using the 21 × 21 mean filter and D∞ flow directions in the low-relief study site, relative to an unsmoothed mean length of 290.9 m in this site. Furthermore, minimal flow path length alterations were achieved with the Gaussian filter when gentle smoothing is required, and with the FPDEMS filter when moderate to aggressive smoothing is required. These results suggest that an appropriate smoothing method should be chosen based on the relief of the landscape and the degree of smoothing required.     

一种改进的地形三维建模方法

在利用逐点插入法建立Delaunay三角网的基础上,为快速搜索插入点所落入的三角形,引入了一种改进的空间栅格索引机制,并充分利用三角形的邻接关系进行三角形检索。提出了一种由三角形出发内插规则格网数字高程模型(DEM)的方法。试验表明,所提出的构建Delaunay三角网和内插格网DEM算法的效率较高。     

数字高程模型(DEM)成果裁切探讨

随着计算机技术及测绘产品的不断发展,数字高程模型(DEM)已成为地理信息空间系统和"数字地球"的重要组成部分。在测绘技术蓬勃发展的今天,数字高程模型(DEM)的生产已成为各生产部门较关注的问题之一,特别是近年来数字龙江地理空间框架建设一期工程对数字高程模型(DEM)产品成果的要求有很大提高,数字高程模型(DEM)成果的裁切也显得尤为重要,本文从工作中遇到的DEM成果裁切问题入手,结合笔者多年的测绘生产经验,研讨DEM成果裁切问题。     

广州市GPS控制网的设计特色和技术要点

介绍了广州市GPS控制网的设计特色、技术要点和实际效果，该控制网的实践对大型控制网布测具有一定的指导作用。