云南金沙厂铅锌矿床地球化学特征及其指示意义

位于扬子地块西南缘的“川滇黔铅锌矿集区”是我国西南大面积低温成矿域的重要组成部分, 金沙厂铅锌矿床是其中典型矿床之一, 前人针对金沙厂矿床的成矿物质来源和成矿流体特征开展了大量研究, 但围岩对成矿的贡献和矿床成因仍不明确。针对这一问题, 本文系统分析了金沙厂闪锌矿及围岩的微量元素组成, 结合围岩和萤石的稀土元素特征, 探讨了围岩对成矿的贡献, 厘定了矿床成因。研究表明, 闪锌矿以富集Cd、Ge、Cu、Ga, 贫Fe、Mn、In、Co、Ni为特征, 这些元素多以类质同象的形式赋存在闪锌矿中, 个别元素如Cu、Ge等含量变化范围较大, 可能与低温流体有关。矿床中闪锌矿存在多种颜色的原因可能是Cu、Ge等多种元素共同作用的结果。近矿端的围岩明显富集Zn、Pb、As、Cd等元素, 而闪锌矿中同样富集这些元素, 说明围岩为成矿提供了部分金属元素。萤石继承了围岩的Eu、Ce负异常, 并受到了具有较高Ce负异常的成矿流体影响。萤石较围岩具有较高的Y/Ho比值, 说明萤石中的部分Y来源于围岩, 从而导致萤石具有较高的Y/Ho值。总体上, 该矿床中闪锌矿微量元素组成与MVT矿床基本一致, 明显有别于喷流沉积型、岩浆热液型和远端夕卡岩型矿床, 其成矿温度属于低温范围, 结合其矿床地质地球化学特征, 本文认为金沙厂铅锌矿床属于MVT铅锌矿床。     

区域地下水污染调查取样点布设量化分配方法

在区域尺度、有限样品的地下水污染调查中,密度控制可以计算区域总样品数量,但取样点布设应综合考虑地质环境、人类活动等方面的差异性。目前,样点布设主要依赖技术人员经验,存在较强的不确定性,如何科学布设取样点是需要解决的一个科学问题。针对这个问题,文章基于实际工作创建了“区域预分配、单元再优选”的解决方法。在区域上,基于层次分析法构建量化分配模型,以背景控制因素和潜在污染因素建立分配因子组合,运用指数标度量化定性因子、标度函数计算定量因子,通过矩阵运算获取每个分配单元的样品预分配数量;在单元内,按照分段控制、条件优选的方法提高取样点针对性和代表性。利用构建的分配方法,以拉萨河流域地下水水质调查为案例进行了取样点布设分配应用,确定了各单元样品分配数量。结果表明:考虑背景控制和潜在污染的层次分析模型及量化计算平衡了拉萨河流域不同分配单元对样品的实际需求,解决了城关区面积小样品需求多、当雄县面积大样品需求少等问题;分段控制、条件优选的方法明确了分配单元内取样点选择依据。本方法的构建为地下水污染调查取样点布设提供了必要的方法支撑。     

姑婆山复式岩体的基本特征及其与成矿作用的关系

姑婆山复式岩体由晚侏罗世里松岩体、姑婆山岩体及早白垩世新路岩体组成。复式岩体为壳幔混合源成因。据岩石地球化学判断和分析,姑婆山岩体和新路岩体为含锡岩体;整个姑婆山复式岩体为含钨岩体,里松岩体和姑婆山岩体为含稀有、稀土岩体。上述矿产的形成与岩石中挥发份F、B及放射性U、T h等元素的高含量有关。     

煤层陷落柱高分辨率地震探测技术

在华北、华东及西北地区近20多个煤田的石炭二叠系中，普遍存在着因煤系地层基底厚层灰岩古岩溶塌陷形成的煤层陷落柱，尤以山西省西山及汾河沿岸的煤田、河北省太行山中段的煤田更为普遍。煤层陷落柱发育形态分为圆锥形、筒形、斜塔形、不规则形等特点，应用高分辩地震勘探技术，根据陷落柱发育区反射波同相轴中断、扭曲、能量变弱、连续性变差、分叉合并或圈闭、产状突变等特征，可有效地探测其空间位置及形态。     

浙江花岗岩类地球化学与地壳演化——Ⅱ.元古宙花岗岩类

浙江元古宙花岗岩类包括神功期（1．8－1．9Ga）和晋宁晚期（0．6—0．9Ga）。研究了浙江元古宙花岗岩类的主元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Rb、Sr同位素组成特征及岩石成因，探讨了浙江地壳的演化。浙江地壳形成于太古亩和元古宙，地壳增生的时期为2．6－2．7、0．8-1．1和0.1－0.12Ga。随时间演化浙江地壳组成有变化，但分异演化不明显。沿江-绍断裂分布的晋宁晚期慢源和壳幔混合中酸性岩是普宁期俯冲碰撞的证据。加里乐和印支期是两次规模不大的构造运动。     

Platinum-group element distribution in chromite ores from ophiolite complexes: implications for their exploration

Compilation of some new data on ophiolites for Greece and Yugoslavia, and published data from previous studies, indicate that platinum-group element (PGE) and gold concentrations in chromite ores are generally low, ranging from less than 100 ppb to a few hundred ppb. However, samples from several ophiolite complexes exhibit an enrichment (of a few ppm) (a) only in Os, Ir and Ru,(b) only in Pt and/or Pd or (c) in all PGE. This enrichment (up to 10s ppm) is mainly related with chromitites hosted in supra-Moho dunites and dunites of the uppermost stratigraphic levels of the mantle sequence and it seems to be local, independent of the chromitite major element composition and the chromite potential of the ophiolite complexes. The contents of PGE combined with less chalcophile elements (Ni, Co, Cu), the ratios of incompatible/compatible elements, and PGE-patterns provide evidence for discrimination between chromitites derived from primitive magmas and those derived from partially fractionated magmas, although they have a similar major element composition. Thus, they can be used for a stratigraphic orientation in the mantle sequence, and therefore for exploration targets. Moreover, PGE data offer valuable information for the evaluation of the chromite potential in ophiolite complexes. The most promising ophiolites seem to be those which apart from the petrological and geochemical characteristics indicating extensive degree of partial melting in the mantle source contain only one chromite ore type (the other type being only in small proportion) of limited compositional variation, in both major elements and PGE, low ratios of , while PGE-enriched chromitites in the mantle sequence are only occasionally present. In contrast, ophiolites which contain both high-Cr and -Al chromitites, and where their chalcophile element data implies relatively extensive fractionation trend are not good exploration targets for chromite ores, although they are related with a SSZ environment.     

Improved Platinum-Group Element Extraction by NiS Fire Assay from Chromitite Ore Samples Using a Flux Containing Sodium Metaphosphate

Many chromite-rich rocks contain relatively high concentrations of the platinum-group elements (PGE). In many cases, the phases carrying PGE occur as either platinum-group minerals (PGM) or as base metal sulfides in solid solution in sulfides. In some cases, such as the UG-2 unit of the Bushveld Complex, the PGM are occluded inside chromite grains. Chromites are notably difficult to dissolve in most fluxes and if the chromite contains some PGM the possibility exists that not all the PGE will be recovered during fusion. In this work, shortcomings in published methods of analysis based on the nickel sulfide fire assay procedure were investigated and a new procedure developed based on the addition of sodium metaphosphate to the fusion mixture. Optimum composition of the fusion mixture was found to be 10 g sodium metaphosphate and 9 g silica to 10 g sample, 15 g sodium carbonate, 30 g lithium tetraborate, 7.5 g nickel and 4.5 g sulfur to achieve complete dissolution of chromite grains. The new flux mixture was evaluated by the analysis of reference material CHR-Pt+ (which is known to contain PGM inside chromite grains) and no undissolved chromite grains were found in the glassy slag. Analysis of the nickel sulfide beads from this fire assay using neutron activation analysis showed similar results for Rh and Ru when compared with published conventional true (or accepted) values, while Au, Ir, Os, Pd and Pt values determined here were 10 to 30% higher than the corresponding published conventional true values. It was concluded that the addition of sodium metaphosphate improved chromite dissolution in the flux and appears to improve PGE recovery.     

C型采场支承压力分布特征的数值模拟研究

冲击地压的发生与支承压力的分布有重要关系。为研究C型采场支承压力的动态变化规律,采用FLAC3D软件对孤岛工作面推进过程中煤体垂直应力场进行了数值模拟。通过对工作面推进过程中煤体支承压力的平面分布特征、走向支承压力和倾斜支承压力的动态演化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：① 煤体中垂直应力分布呈“C”形;② 孤岛工作面超前支承压力影响距离为正常工作面的3～5倍;③ 双工作面“见方”时,支承压力峰值达到最大值。工程实例验证了结论的可靠性,其结果可为现场冲击地压预测和防治提供依据。     

蚀变超基性岩金（镍）矿床中的贵金属元素──以云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿为例

云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿中Ａｇ、Ａｕ和ＰＧＥ（铂族元素）的丰度和共生状况如下：（１）两矿床中的Ａｇ－Ａｕ关系呈三种情况：硅质岩型矿石和其他类型低品位金矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ基本上不具相关关系；石英脉型矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈明显的正相关关系；氧化矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈负相关关系。（２）所有样品中的ＰＧＥ均低于７１×１０（－６），其ＰＧＥ的特征是Ｐｔ≥Ｐｄ和Ｒｕ＞Ｏｓ、Ｉｒ、Ｒｈ。（３）这些样品的地幔标准化ＰＧＥ分布模式是以Ｒｈ为峰的上凸曲线，而墨江样品又具Ｉｒ的负异常。与一般超基性岩的情况不同，这些样品的模式曲线中Ｐｄ－Ａｕ部分呈陡弯折，它表明矿化元素金可能主要由区域成矿流体提供。     

Quartz and feldspar zoning in the eastern Erzgebirge volcano-plutonic complex (Germany, Czech Republic): evidence of multiple magma mixing

Zoned quartz and feldspar phenocrysts of the Upper Carboniferous eastern Erzgebirge volcano-plutonic complex were studied by cathodoluminescence and minor and trace element profiling. The results verify the suitability of quartz and feldspar phenocrysts as recorders of differentiation trends, magma mixing and recharge events, and suggest that much heterogeneity in plutonic systems may be overlooked on a whole-rock scale. Multiple resorption surfaces and zones, element concentration steps in zoned quartz (Ti) and feldspar phenocrysts (anorthite content, Ba, Sr), and plagioclase-mantled K-feldspars etc. indicate mixing of silicic magma with a more mafic magma for several magmatic phases of the eastern Erzgebirge volcano-plutonic complex. Generally, feldspar appears to be sensitive to the physicochemical changes of the melt, whereas quartz phenocrysts are more stable and can survive a longer period of evolution and final effusion of silicic magmas. The regional distribution of mixing-compatible textures suggests that magma mingling and mixing was a major process in the evolution of these late-Variscan granites and associated volcanic rocks.

Quartz phenocrysts from 14 magmatic phases of the eastern Erzgebirge volcano-plutonic complex provide information on the relative timing of different mixing processes, storage and recharge, allowing a model for the distribution of magma reservoirs in space and time. At least two levels of magma storage are envisioned: deep reservoirs between 24 and 17 km (the crystallisation level of quartz phenocrysts) and subvolcanic reservoirs between 13 and 6 km. Deflation of the shallow reservoirs during the extrusion of the Teplice rhyolites triggered the formation of the Altenberg-Teplice caldera above the eastern Erzgebirge volcano-plutonic complex. The deep magma reservoir of the Teplice rhyolite also has a genetic relationship to the younger mineralised A-type granites, as indicated by quartz phenocryst populations. The pre-caldera biotite granites and the rhyodacitic Schönfeld volcanic rocks represent temporally and spatially separate magma sources. However, the deep magma reservoir of both is assumed to have been at a depth of 24–17 km. The drastic chemical contrast between the pre-caldera Schönfeld (Westfalian B–C) and the syn-caldera Teplice (Westfalian C–D) volcanic rocks is related to the change from late-orogenic geotectonic environment to post-orogenic faulting, and is considered an important chronostratigraphic marker.