二维梯形沉积盆地放大效应的数值模拟研究

盆地效应作为场地效应的一种特殊类型,其对地震动的影响仍在持续研究当中。建立二维梯形沉积盆地模型,模型边界采用透射人工边界,利用显式有限元法作为求解方法。根据Buckingham提出的π定理定义了多个影响盆地效应的无量纲参数,包括盆地深宽比、介质波速比、盆地深度与入射波长之比、盆地开口宽度与入射波长之比。以Ricker子波作为输入波,研究SH波垂直入射盆地模型时,以上无量纲参数对盆地放大效应的影响。研究发现盆地深宽比越大盆地诱发的聚焦效应越明显,盆地深宽比越小盆地边缘效应越明显。在盆地的深宽比和入射波确定时,随着盆地开口宽度与入射波长之比不断增大盆地的最值放大系数逐渐从盆地中心移向盆地边缘,表现出越来越明显的边缘放大效应。其中波速比差异对放大系数的影响最大,波速比差异越大介质的波阻抗比越大,放大效应越显著。通过将影响盆地放大效应的参数无量纲化,使梯形盆地对地震动放大效应的研究的结论更具有普遍意义。     

2020年新疆于田MS6.4地震前地磁谐波振幅比变化特征分析

以2020年6月26日于田M_S6.4地震为例, 采用地磁谐波振幅比法, 选用距震中370 km和360 km范围内的且末台、 狮泉河台所记录到的秒值连续波形数据, 对震前地磁异常进行了提取和回溯性分析, 发现地磁谐波振幅比反映了观测点深部电阻率变化, 2020年于田M_S6.4地震前且末台和狮泉河台地磁谐波振幅比出现了较明显的异常现象。 异常特征有: ① 地磁谐波振幅比Y_ZHx和Y_ZHy主要表现为“下降—转折—恢复”的形态, 地震发生在下降型变化恢复之后上升阶段; ② 震前约2年起, 且末台和狮泉河台谐波振幅比表现长短周期变化不同步或NS向与EW向变化不同步的现象; ③ 且末台Y_ZHx(NS)和狮泉河台Y_ZHy(EW)谐波振幅比异常变化中的转折上升形态具有自较长周期向较短周期的迁移现象; ④ 狮泉河台谐波振幅比趋势性异常起始时间早于且末台, 持续时间平均2年左右, 最大异常幅度达到0.04; ⑤ 且末台Y_ZHx(NS)和狮泉河台Y_ZHy(EW)异常相比对应其他分量更为显著, 这也许震中和台站所在位置有关系; ⑥ 地震前和田大地电场(距震中约265 km)岩体裂隙优势方位角(α)也显示异常变化, 可见该地震前多地球物理探测参量的异常响应, 呈现多地球物理量耦合, 增加了异常可信度。     

云南地区强震前小震调制比特征分析

利用调制比时空扫描方法,对1973—2014年云南地区M_S≥6.0地震进行回溯性研究,分析强震前区域小震调制比时空演化过程。结果显示,从小震调制比异常开始至发震的持续时间为1.5 a之内,调制比异常的最高值需大于0.57,强震多发生在调制比为最高值时或其后14个月内异常区边界或内部调制比显著高值附近,震级随异常持续时间的延长大致呈增加的趋势;小滇西—滇西北地区的强震多发生在调制期内;从分区来看,滇西南强震多发生在调制比为最高值（R_m≥0.57）后6个月内的异常边界处,尤其是3个月内,滇西北强震多发生在最高值（R_m≥0.67）后7—12月内异常区内显著高值附近,滇东北强震多发生在最高值（R_m≥0.67）时的异常区内。     

梁板分离式分层隔震结构减震原理研究

为了拓宽隔震技术的应用范围,提出了梁板分离式分层隔震结构概念,其核心思想是将框架结构或框架剪力墙结构中的所有楼层或某些楼层的全部或部分楼板通过橡胶隔震支座支承于梁上。建立了分层隔震结构的动力分析模型,利用自编程序按时程分析法和振型分解反应谱法分别计算了不同工况下分层隔震结构的地震反应,运用隔震技术的基本原理和振型分析法分析了刚度比和场地条件等因素对减震效果的影响。发现了刚度比变化过程中分层隔震结构的两个极限状态,并利用其中之一初步判断减震效果。     

Spatially distributed modelling of soil erosion and sediment yield at regional scales in Spain

Initiated by the need to quantify erosion rates and the impacts of global changes on erosion, several attempts have been made to apply erosion models at regional scales. However, these models have often been directed towards on-site soil erosion estimates, emphasising sheet and rill erosion processes, and disregarding gully erosion, channel erosion and sediment transport. These models are therefore of limited use for the assessment of sediment yield, off-site impacts of erosion, and for the development of environmental management to control these impacts at regional scale. This study analyses and compares three spatially distributed models for the prediction of soil erosion and/or sediment yield at regional scales: the WATEM-SEDEM model that is based on the empirical Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in combination with a sediment transport equation, the physics-based Pan European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment model (PESERA), and a newly developed Spatially Distributed Scoring model (SPADS). The three models were applied to 61 Spanish drainage basins and model predictions were evaluated against data on measured reservoir sedimentation rates. Global data sets on land use, climate, elevation and soil characteristics were used as model input for WATEM-SEDEM and SPADS, whereas published soil erosion estimates of PESERA at 1 km² resolution were used directly. SPADS and WATEM-SEDEM provided best results after separate calibration for basins with a Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) higher than 5% and those with an SDR lower than 5%. In this way, SPADS explained 67% of variation in sediment yield, while WATEM-SEDEM explained 48% of the variation. PESERA represents a promising alternative to the use of empirical models at the regional scale as it can be applied to very diverse environments with little calibration. However, PESERA provides soil erosion rates and not sediment yield estimates. For most basins PESERA soil erosion rates vary between fifty and close to zero percent of total sediment yield. Two major factors may explain this discrepancy between modelled soil erosion rates and measured sediment yield. First, it may be that PESERA underestimates soil erosion under Mediterranean conditions, although PESERA soil erosion rates are of the same order of magnitude as erosion rates measured in erosion plot studies. Second, gully-, river channel erosion and sediment transport processes may be much more important than sheet- and rill erosion for regional scale sediment yield in these environments. These issues therefore require further attention in future model development. Although spatially lumped models provide better predictions of sediment yield at the basin scale, and while validation of the predicted spatial patterns of sources and sinks of sediment requires further research, spatially distributed models are expected to be of value to support management decisions regarding the assessment of on-site and off-site impacts of erosion at the regional scale.     

江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下二维广角地震初探

江汉油田江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩发育,利用常规地震资料很难得到高速玄武岩下的地震反射。分析研究表明,广角地震有利于玄武岩下的地震成像。通过综合正演和实际地震数据完成了广角地震资料的处理,获得了江陵凹陷北部高速玄武岩下的反射地震信息。在开展广角地震波场的识别和利用研究过程中,从正演模型出发,探讨了在不同地质条件下高速层对地震波场的影响,并针对靶区资料讨论了如何识别广角地震信息。在上述基础上,通过对实际地震资料做精细的分析和处理,最终完成了高速玄武岩下地震资料的成像。     

滇西丽江地区新生代富碱斑岩锆石微量元素特征

正滇西丽江地区位于羌塘—三江造山带与扬子陆块西南缘结合部位,金沙江—红河新生代富碱斑岩带中部,长期以来,备受地学界关注。近年来,发表了诸多有关该区新生代富碱斑岩的研究成果。毛晓长等(2012)认为该区桃花村二长花岗斑岩的形成与欧亚大陆碰撞后期陆内走滑拉分等作用引发的壳幔作用密切相关;黄永高等(2018)对该区     

膨胀式尾管悬挂器的研究

为了解决常规尾管悬挂器过流面积小、密封性能差的缺点,研究了膨胀式尾管悬挂器。主要对膨胀式尾管悬挂器的工作原理,结构原理,关键技术包括替浆技术、固井技术、膨胀悬挂技术、丢手技术进行了研究;解决了膨胀管悬挂的一系列技术难题;对膨胀管受力进行了有限元分析,并将结果与室内试验进行了对比,两者结果基本一致。通过野外试验进一步证明了膨胀式尾管悬挂器能够提供足够的悬挂力,满足悬挂要求。     

ICP-AES双向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌金属元素的对比研究

本文采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)轴向和径向测定土壤中铜、锰、钒、锌四种金属元素的含量,比较分析了在不同三酸[硝酸(HNO3)、氢氟酸(HF)、高氯酸(HCLO4)]用量(配比)下对5种国家标准物质的消解性差异和对四种元素轴向和径向测定结果的影响。结果表明:(1)消解过程中f、g、h配比的三酸消解速度较快,d、e次之,a、b、c相对较慢。(2)对于低含量试样径向观测对轴向观测灵敏度较高;同时三酸消解用量不同,其结果差异性不明显,而发现中高含量范围内横向观测比径向观测相对偏差较小,说明了轴向观测效果较好。(3)通过采用f配比的三酸经过前处理进行稳定性分析,结果可知标准偏差(SD)均小于10,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,对于高含量锰元素横向观测较径向观测稳定性高,其余元素差异性不明显。     

考虑土拱效应的管棚合理间距计算方法

管棚作为隧道安全穿越不良地质地段的超前支护结构,依靠土拱效应发挥其支护作用,管棚间距与成拱效应密切相关。通过引入合理拱轴线,并考虑侧向土压力的影响,结合管棚间土拱破坏条件给出了管棚合理间距的计算方法,通过凤咀江隧道工程实例和离散元对比分析,验证了计算方法的合理性。进一步分析了管棚间距随管棚所处位置的变化规律以及管棚直径、土体参数等对管棚间距的影响规律。结果表明：当侧向土压力系数较小时,拱腰至边墙处管棚间距可适当调大;当侧向土压力系数较大时,拱顶至拱腰处管棚间距应适当减小。管棚间距随管棚直径和土体黏聚力的增加而线性增加,且与土体内摩擦角数呈正相关关系,随内摩擦角增大,对管棚间距的影响也越来越大。