Multi-functional heat pulse probe measurements of coupled vadose zone flow and transport

Simultaneous measurement of coupled water, heat, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media is made possible with the multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP). The probe combines a heat pulse technique for estimating soil heat properties, water flux, and water content with a Wenner array measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC_bulk). To evaluate the MFHPP, we conducted controlled steady-state flow experiments in a sand column for a wide range of water saturations, flow velocities, and solute concentrations. Flow and transport processes were monitored continuously using the MFHPP. Experimental data were analyzed by inverse modeling of simultaneous water, heat, and solute transport using an adapted HYDRUS-2D model. Various optimization scenarios yielded simultaneous estimation of thermal, solute, and hydraulic parameters and variables, including thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, water flux, and thermal and solute dispersivities. We conclude that the MFHPP holds great promise as an excellent instrument for the continuous monitoring and characterization of the vadose zone.     

利用实时监测软观察仪辅助可视通信系统的开发

在基于ISDN的H．320Videophone通信系统的开发过程中,介绍了利用软观察仪在确立系统软硬件分工、调整系统采用的算法、图像码率控制、码率统计及图像格式选取等方面的作用。     

香港地区电离层垂向电子含量的变化规律

根据香港GPS永久跟踪站的长期GPS观测资料,估计出了香港地区电离层垂向电子含量,并分析了垂向电子含量的周日变化规律,对建立香港地区实用的电离层模型有重要的指导意义。     

Field-aligned conductance values estimated from Maxwellian and kappa distributions in quiet and disturbed events using Freja electron data

We study the question of what difference it makes for the derived field-aligned conductance (K) values if one uses Maxwellian or kappa distributions for the fitting of low-orbiting satellite electron flux spectra in the auroral region. This question has arisen because sometimes a high-energy tail is seen in the spectra. In principle, the kappa fits should always be better, because the kappa distribution is a generalization of the Maxwellian. However, the physical meaning of the parameters appearing in the Maxwellian is clearer. It therefore makes sense to study under which circumstances it is appropriate to use a Maxwellian. We use Freja electron data (TESP and MATE) from two events. One of the events represents quiet magnetospheric conditions (stable arc) and the other represents disturbed conditions (surge). In these Freja events, at least, using kappa rather than Maxwellian fitting gives a better fit to the observed distribution, but the difference in K values is not large (usually less than 20%). The difference can be of either sign. However, sometimes even the kappa distribution does not provide a good fit, and one needs a more complicated distribution such as two Maxwellians. We investigate the relative contributions of the two Maxwellians to the total field-aligned conductance value in these cases. We find that the contribution of the high-energy population is insignificant (usually much less than 20%). This is because K is proportional to n/E_c E_c, where n is the source plasma density and E_c is the characteristic energy.     

定性地质变量分维数估计与显微地质异常

以白牛厂银多金属矿床钻孔岩心标本的高密度长序列电子探针分析数据为例,提出了定性地质时空序列变量匹配关联维数字义和分维数估计方法及分形体识别原则。     

质子探针分析方法研究矿石中微细粒金的赋存状态——以皖中沙溪斑岩铜(金)矿床为例

本文应用先进的微束分析技术——质子探针分析方法对安徽中部沙溪斑岩铜（金）矿床中金的赋存状态进行系统的研究。结果表明,该斑岩铜（金）床中金的赋存状态以微细粒微米级的自然金形式存在,其载体矿物主要为黄铁矿和黄铜矿。本研究对斑岩铜（金）矿床中金的综合利用提供了理论上的依据,同时也为其它同类矿床中金的赋存状态提供了新的研究方法。     

扫描电子显微镜下放射虫化石制样方法的探讨

讨论了为获得放射虫化石的高质量的二次电子图像所采用的试样制备方法。通过多次试验,认为放射虫化石的表面导电处理应采用碳金双层镀膜法。在放射虫化石表面先蒸镀一层１０～２０ｎｍ厚的碳膜,然后根据放射虫化石的形态和表面结构的不同,溅射厚度不同的金膜;钟罩形、塔形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在６０～８０ｎｍ,带刺的球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在８０～１４０ｎｍ,球形放射虫化石的金膜厚度在１４０～２００ｎｍ。     

俄歇电子谱学在地球化学中的应用

俄歇电子谱（ＡＥＳ）在研究ｎｍ厚度表面层物质的主量和微量元素组成有广泛用途。ＡＥＳ可以观察到高放大倍率的表面组构和形貌,其极端表面灵敏度、极好的侧向分辨率使它能够在μｍ尺度上对矿物表面不同的晶畴进行化学分析,证明在矿物单个表面上存在侧向不均一性。ＡＥＳ不仅在扫描模式下可检测痕量的二次相,也可用来分析直径在μｍ尺度的几个ｎｍ厚度的产物,同样ＡＥＳ在测定热爆低盐度流体包裹体极薄的盐膜时也显示出独特的能力。ＡＥＳ最有潜力的地质应用是可以在侧向分辨率为μｍ级时得到ｎｍ尺度上的深度剖面。用ＡＥＳ得到的深度剖面对于研究化学风化作用是很重要的,因为它们直接提供了反应随深度的变化规律。俄歇谱结合ＸＰＳ研究提供对矿物流体界面输运机制的研究方法和矿物流体之间的反应机制。     

The redshift dependence of spectral index in powerful radio galaxies

We present and discuss in this paper the rest frame radio spectra (1–25 GHz) of a sample of fourteen radio galaxies atz >2 from the newly defined MRC/1Jy complete sample of 558 radio sources. These galaxies are among the most powerful radio sources known and range in luminosity from 1028-1028·8 watt Hz-1 at 1 GHz. We find that the median rest frame spectral index of this sample of galaxies atz >2 is significantly steeper than that of a matched luminosity sample of 3CRR galaxies which are at a much lower redshift (0.85 <z < 1.7). This indicates that spectral index correlates primarily with redshift, at least in the luminosity range considered here. The difference between the distributions of rest frame spectral curvatures for the two samples does not appear to be statistically significant. We suggest a new explanation for the steeper spectra of radio galaxies at high redshift involving steeper electron energy spectra at injection. Electron energy spectra are expected to steepen in a first-order Fermi acceleration process, at both non-relativistic and relativistic shock fronts, as the upstream fluid velocity decreases. This may well be the case at high redshifts: the hotter and denser circum-galactic medium at high redshifts could result in slower speeds for the hotspot and the jet material behind it. The smaller sizes of radio sources at higher redshifts provide support to this scenario. Since deceased.     

东太平洋海盆内多金属结核中的铁矿物

东太平洋海盆内多金属结核中的铁矿物萧绪琦郭立鹤（中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所，北京１０００３７）１前言早在五十年代人们就已注意到，大洋多金属结核含铁量较高，由于结核中矿物颗粒细小，结晶程度低，使得铁矿物的确定很困难，通常称之为铁的氧化物和氢氧化物。在...