石榴石-黑云母地质温度计在四川拉拉铜矿床的应用

在晋宁运动中,拉拉铜矿床区发生了大规模的区域变质作用,由于其变质条件的资料较少,使得人们对矿床的成因机制存在诸多争论.采用石榴石-黑云母地质温度计和多硅白云母地质压力计,结合电子探针分析结果,对矿区内广泛出露的石榴石黑云母片岩进行了研究,得到区域变质作用的变质温度为500～560 ℃,变质压力上限为0.6～0.73GPa,变质程度为高绿片岩相.同时,根据野外观测及室内研究并结合前人工作,认为矿床主要存在两个成矿期次,即火山-喷气沉积成矿期和变质热液成矿期.     

Microbial remains in some earliest Earth rocks: Comparison with a potential modern analogue

Carbonaceous matter (CM) from ca. 3.5 Ga hydrothermal black cherts of the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia and the Barberton Greenstone Belt of South Africa yielded transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images that are suggestive of microbial remains and possible remnants of microbial cell walls. These are compared to a potential modern analogue, the hyperthermophilic Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, derived from an active seafloor hydrothermal environment and cultured under similar conditions. A striking resemblance to the early Archaean forms was evident in wall structure and thermal degradation mode. Cell disintegration of the cultures occurred at 100 °C marking the limits of life. Complete disintegration, deformation and shrinkage occurred at 132 °C. A multidisciplinary approach to the characterisation of the CM was undertaken using organic petrology, TEM coupled with electron dispersive spectral analysis (EDS), high resolution TEM (HRTEM) to determine molecular ordering, and elemental and carbon isotope geochemistry. Reflectance measurements of the CM to determine thermal stress yielded a range of values corresponding to several populations, and pointing to different sources and processes. The δ¹³C values of Dresser Formation CM (−36.5 to −32.1‰) are negatively correlated with TOC (0.13–0.75%) and positively correlated with C/N ratio (134–569), which is interpreted to reflect the relative abundance of high R_o/oxidised/recycled CM and preferential loss of ¹²C and N during thermal maturation. TEM observations, inferred carbon isotopic heterogeneity and isotope fractionations of −27 to −32‰ are consistent with the activity of chemosynthetic microbes in a seafloor hydrothermal system where rapid silicification at relatively low temperature preserved the CM.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic mode of hydrogen occurrence in natural olivines: FTIR and TEM investigation

Olivine crystals from two mantle nodules in kimberlites (pipe Udachnaya and pipe Obnazennaya, Yakutiya, Siberia) were investigated using EMP, TEM, AEM and FTIR techniques to determine the mode of hydrogen occurrence in olivine. Olivine contains three types of nanometer-sized inclusions: “large” inclusions of hexagonal-like shape up to several hundred nm in size (1), lamellar defects (2) and small inclusions of hexagon-like shape up to several 10?nm in size (3). Lamellar defects and small inclusions are considered to be a “hydrous” olivine. All three types of inclusions contain OH^? or water, but they are different with respect to their phase composition. In “large” inclusions (1) hydrous magnesium silicates, such as serpentine?+?talc (“kerolite”?) and 10-Å phase?+?talc were identified. Lamellar defects (2) and small inclusions (3) are depleted in Mg and Fe compared to the olivine matrix, while the silica content is the same as that of olivine. Modulations in the periodicity of the olivine structure are observed in SAED patterns and HREM images of (2) and (3). The superperiodicity can be referred to OH^?-bearing point defect ordering in the olivine structure. If this is the case, the material of both lamellar defects and small inclusions can be assumed to be a “hydrous olivine” Mg_{2– x} v _x SiO₄H_{2 x} with a cation-deficient olivine crystal structure. Thus, both an extrinsic mode of hydrogen occurrence in olivine, such as nanometer-sized inclusions of OH^?-bearing magnesium silicates, and an intrinsic mode of hydrogen incorporation into the olivine structure, such as “hydrous olivine” in itself, were found. The data obtained here show that the OH absorption bands observed in olivine spectra at 3704(3717) and 3683(3688) cm^?1 can be unambiguously identified with serpentine; the band at 3677(3676) cm^?1 can be associated with talc. The absorption bands observed at 3591 and 3660?cm^?1 in olivine match those of the 10-Å phase at 3594, 3662 and 3666?cm^?1.     

不同原子化方法对样品气化速率的影响

本文研究了石墨炉原子吸收分析中管壁、平台和探针原子化测量Cd、Pb、Mn、Co、Cu和Cr的吸收信号特征。结果表明,吸收信号形状由被测元素的性质、样品气化速率和原子蒸气扩散速率决定。对于同一元素,在选定仪器条件下,峰形主要由样品气化速率决定。而样品气化速率又与原子化表面的升温速率有关。三种原子化方法中,探针的升温速率最快,得到较窄的信号峰,平台的升温速率最慢,峰形较宽。在提高样品气化速率方面,探针原子化是最理想的方法。     

用对氧的电子探针定量分析值测定石榴子石中Fe~(2+)与Fe~(3+)的含量

本文用对氧的电子探针定量分析值测定了几种石榴子石中Fe~(2+)与Fe~(3+)的含量,讨论了这种新方法中氧的测量精度,详细叙述了实验过程,并与常用的电价差值法和剩余氧计算法进行了比较。     

次显微金在黄铁矿和石英中的赋存状态研究

本文利用H—800型透射电子显微镜附EDAX能谱仪,对夏杖子金矿床黄铁矿和石英中的次显微金进行研究,发现金常以粒径小于0.2μm的小圆球状及链状次显微金存在于黄铁矿和石英的微裂隙中。     

广东省海岸表层沉积物矿物表面特征与沉积环境关系的初步研究

作者选择了s7个分布于不同海岸相带及近海河流环境表层碎屑沉积物中的错石、电 气石、长石、石英四种矿物，用扫描电境放大300至iooo。倍观察分析其表面结构特征。观察分析发现，不同环境下的矿物表面结构特征有一定区别.这些区别主要由不同环境因素造成。河流环境的矿物表面结构简单，由物理作用造成;海岸环境的不同相带，矿物表面结构特征比较复杂，但程度有所不同。其特征主要取决于物理作用和所迭加的化学溶蚀作用。热带、亚热带海水对矿物的化学溶蚀和改造十分重要。     

较低温度(580～700℃)合成的高Tc(Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O)系超导体

按照名义组分1113和1112以较低的烧结温度(580～700℃)获得了一系列高Tc Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O系超导体,其最佳样品的零电阻温度为112K。电子衍射分析表明,样品中含有两相,主相属四方晶系,晶胞参数为a=b=0.547nm.c=2.931nm.α=β=Υ=90°,空间群为I4/mmm次相属正交晶系,晶胞参数为a=0.335nm,b=0.989nm.c=1.654nm,.α=β=Υ=90°,空间群为Pmmm。     

不可见金的赋存状态研究

电子探针、扫描电镜和溶矿试验研究证明，在某地“卡林型”金矿中，黄铁矿是最主要的载金矿物。黄铁矿由先期形成的含Au和As很低的自形晶核心和后期形成的含Au和As很高的环边组成，其中Au和As呈正消长关系。因此，根据As的分布情况即可研究和认识Au的分布规律。研究结果为改善矿石的氧化焙烧、氯化处理和氰化浸出工艺设计提供了科学依据。     

Cretaceous amber inclusions of Spain and Myanmar demonstrate early diversification and wide dispersal of Cephenniitae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)

The taxonomic status of previously misplaced species of an ant-like stone beetle from Spanish amber (Albian) is clarified. Specimens of Kachinus magnificus (originally placed as incertae sedis within Scydmaenitae) were re-examined and their characters were found different from those of the type species of Kachinus from Myanmar amber. Consequently, Archeutheia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the Spanish species, resulting in Archeutheia magnifica comb. nov. Moreover, in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis Archeutheia was placed as a sister group to extant Eutheia, within the tribe Eutheiini of Cephenniitae. A specimen of an undetermined genus from Myanmar amber clearly belonging in Cephenniini is also recorded. Both taxa represent the first definite Cretaceous Cephenniitae, a supertribe whose recent members are distributed on all continents but are especially diverse in the Oriental and East Palaearctic regions. This finding demonstrates a diversification of two presently most species-rich tribes of Cephenniitae already in Early Cretaceous. Archeutheia is strikingly similar to the extant species of Eutheia and Veraphis, showing male dimorphic characters (modified protrochanters) and antennal cavities characteristic of Palaearctic Eutheiini. This fact suggests a long morphological stability in the supertribe. A previously proposed hypothesis of an early presence of the Cephenniitae in the Northern Hemisphere is for the first time supported by the fossil record, and the palaeolocalities (western Europe and Southeast Asia) demonstrate a wide distribution of Cephenniitae in the Cretaceous and an early split of its ancestral lineage.