渔塘坝独立硒矿床中硒赋存形式的电子探针分析研究

利用电子探针手段分析了渔塘坝独立硒矿床中硒的赋存方式，发现硒的赋存形式为：①独立硒矿物：硒铜蓝、蓝硒铜矿、方硒铜矿、自然硒等；②类质同象方式：主要进入黄铁矿晶格。     

Structures of Syn-deformational Granites in the Longquanguan Shear Zone and Their Monazite Electronic Microprobe Dating

The Longquanguan shear zone is an important structural belt in the North China Craton, separating the underlying Fuping complex from the overlying Wutai complex. This shear zone has experienced three episodes of deformation： the first and main episode is a ductile top-to-ESE shear along the gently northwest-west dipping foliations, while the other two episodes are later collapse sliding. Prolonged granites parallel to the shear foliations make one of the main compositions of the Longquanguan shear zone. These granites experienced deformation to form mylonitic rocks when they emplaced during the first episode of deformation. Structural characters of the granites and their contacts to the country rocks indicate that these granites possibly resulted from in-situ partial remelting by shearing, i.e., they are syn-deformational granites. Monazites in these mylonitic granites are magmatic minerals and their crystallization ages may represent ages of the magmatic events, and also the ages for the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone. Monazite electronic microprobe dating were carried on two samples of granite, which gives multiple peak ages, among which 1,846 Ma and 1,877 Ma are the main peak ages for the two samples. These ages represent the main deformation of the Longquanguan shear zone, which is consistent with the main regional geological event at about 1,850 Ma caused by the collision between the Eastern and Western Blocks in North China. The good match between the monazite ages and the corresponding regional tectono-thermal events shows the feasibility and reliability of monazite electronic microprobe dating.     

OH-bearing planar defects in olivine produced by the breakdown of Ti-rich humite minerals from Dabie Shan (China)

The partial breakdown of Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite during exhumation from ultra-high pressure to amphibolite facies conditions in garnet-pyroxenites from Dabie Shan (China) produces coronas of olivine coexisting with ilmenite blebs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of this newly formed olivine exhibit absorption bands in the hydroxyl-stretching region. Two intense peaks were observed at 3,564 and 3,394 cm⁻¹, identical in energy to peaks in Ti-clinohumite. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the same olivine domains revealed the presence of a complex (001) planar intergrowth. These interlayers have a 1.35 nm repeat distance, which is characteristic of clinohumite. Such interlayers are also enriched in Ti with respect to the adjacent olivine as shown by energy dispersive spectrometry. The combined evidence from FTIR spectroscopy and TEM indicates that OH is incorporated along Ti-clinohumite planar defects. This study provides evidence that the nominally anhydrous phase olivine may contain OH as a humite-type defect beyond the breakdown of the hydrous humite minerals and confirms earlier suggestions that Ti plays a key role in OH incorporation in mantle olivine. We suggest that olivine containing Ti-clinohumite defects is an important phase for water transport in subduction zones and for the storage of water in cold subcontinental mantle. However, these defects are unlikely to be stable in hotter parts of the oceanic mantle such as where basaltic magmas are generated.     

新疆维宝矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床维西矿段矿物学特征

维宝矽卡岩铜铅锌矿床位于新疆与青海两省交界处,大地构造位置属祁漫塔格造山带东段,可以分为维东、主矿段和维西三个矿段。主矿段和维东矿段以铅锌矿化为主,铜矿化很少,而维西矿段铜、铅、锌矿化均较发育。本次我们选取维西矿段的矽卡岩和矿石样品,进行了详细的矿物学研究。根据矿物共生组合、矿石组构以及脉体的穿插关系,可以将维西矿段成矿过程分为4个阶段,即早期矽卡岩阶段、晚期矽卡岩阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-硫化物阶段是主要的成矿阶段。矽卡岩矿物主要为石榴子石、辉石、绿帘石和角闪石等,硫化物主要为黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿等。电子探针分析表明,石榴子石成分以钙铁榴石分子(And=59.00%～97.70%)和钙铝榴石分子(Gro=1.92%～40.42%)为主,为钙铁—钙铝系列石榴子石;辉石主要由透辉石分子(Di=45%～91%)和钙铁辉石分子(Hd=8%～53%)组成,表现在矿物上以透辉石为主,而钙铁辉石数量很少;角闪石成分变化范围比较大,但总体上为透闪石—阳起石系列。综合矿物组合和化学成分特征表明维宝矿床维西矿段矽卡岩为钙矽卡岩。此外,具有环带结构的石榴子石从核部到边部,化学成分表现出有规律的变化,Al2O3含量先上升后下降,FeOT含量则先下降后上升。这表明随着交代作用的进行,成矿流体的pH值不断发生变化,由最初的弱酸性—碱性条件转变为近中性条件,最终又恢复到弱酸性—碱性条件。维西矿段硫化物的金属原子与硫原子的比值大部分都大于理论值,表明它们形成于硫逸度较高的环境。此外,闪锌矿中Fe、Zn含量变化范围比较大,Zn=54.50%～64.75%,Fe=1.15%～10.16%,这种大范围变化指示成矿过程中温度和硫逸度可能发生波动。     

内蒙古油砂固体颗粒的矿物组成和亲疏水性特征

油砂是一种重要的非常规油气资源,由沥青、固体颗粒(包括粗颗粒和细颗粒)和水组成,其开发利用的关键在于提高其中沥青的提取效率.溶剂提取技术因其沥青提取效率高、环境友好等优点被认为有望取代现有水基提取技术.在溶剂提取过程中,主要存在沥青中固体颗粒残留率高和尾矿中有机溶剂回收效率低的问题,这与固体颗粒的组成结构和表面性质密切...     

Timing of the Yangtze initiation draining the Tibetan Plateau throughout to the East China Sea: a review

The question of the Yangtze’s origins has been extensively researched by geologists and geomorphologists for more than a century, and a widely-accepted answer is still pending. Evidence of river piracy, diversion and incision in the upper river segment from Shigu town in Yunnan Province to Yichang City has been used to reconstruct the history of the Yangtze drainage system, and constrain the timing of the upper Yangtze diversion from south flowing to east, debouching into the East China Sea. There is much diversity in fluvial deposits and landforms even over small spatio-temporal scales in tectonic highly active regions. They are also liable to latter reworking by external forces, making their paleo-geographical interpretation a more complex and controversial matter. Based on evidence from fluvial strata and landforms, various hypotheses have been proposed with considerable discrepancies for the timing of the Jinsha River diversion from the south flowing into the east, and the timing of the upper Yangtze channeling through the Three Gorges area. The Yangtze was controversially assumed to be: (1) a very old river in existence since the Cretaceous and earlier, (2) a very young river that came into being only during the past several hundred thousand years, or (3) any age in between these two extremes. Techniques in microprobe dating of single crystalline grains have greatly improved, and they have been widely and successfully used in provenance studies, drainage evolution reconstruction, and tectonic history restoration through dating detrital zircon/monazite grains from the onshore/offshore deposits. The timing of the Yangtze formation was estimated at ca. 2.58 Ma based on analyses of time-series variation of EMP (electron microprobe) monazite ages in the late Cenozoic strata of the Yangtze delta. By revisiting fluvial deposits and landforms in the upper Yangtze drainage basin, some references also state the initiation time of the Yangtze at between the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. This indicates that microprobe dating of single detrital mineral grains is an effective tool to study sedimentary provenance and reconstruct the evolution history of large rivers, like the Yangtze. Laser ablation-ICPMS, a newly-developed microprobe dating technique characterized by minimal sample preparation, low cost and high throughput, and high precision, makes it possible to date large volumes of single detrital mineral grains for provenance studies. Its application is expected to increase the precision of the timing of the Yangtze formation. __________ Translated from Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology, 2007, 27(2): 121–131 [译自: 海洋地质与第四纪地质]     

云南安宁盐矿床钙芒硝光轴角(2V)变化的初步研究

钙芒硝是盐类矿床中的常见矿物,光轴角小(2V=7°)一直是钙芒硝的重要鉴定特征之一。笔者研究表明:该矿床中钙芒硝的光轴角(2V)除大量为7°左右外,还有相当部分可从10°一直连续变化到接近40°。此发现对盐类矿物的鉴定具现实意义,2V变化等问题的深入研究,有助于查明盐类矿床的形成条件和沉积机理。     

土壤粒度组成分析方法对比

土壤粒度组成测定有多种方法,每种方法的原理不同,测得的结果存在显著差异。阐明不同方法测得粒组成存在差异的原因,选择恰当的方法或者建立不同测定方法之间的换算关系,对准确地确定土壤粒度组成具有重要意义。采用5种方法对5种土壤样品进行粒度测定,结果表明：吸管法测得平均粒径最小,且细颗粒含量较高;扫描电镜法测得平均粒径最大,且粗颗粒含量较高;除CaCO₃含量最高的土壤样品外,其他4种土壤样品用不同测定方法测得的粒度分布范围大致相同。吸管法与激光衍射法测得颗粒含量之间存在显著相关关系,扫描电镜法与筛析-激光衍射法的粗颗粒之间也存在显著相关关系。筛析-激光衍射法的测定结果适用于土壤风蚀研究,扫描电镜法适用于测定粒度分布范围较窄的土壤样品,激光衍射法适用于测定团聚体较少的土壤样品。     

Energetic Electrons as a Field Line Topology Tracer in the High Latitude Boundary/CUSP Region: Cluster Rapid Observations

Energetic electrons (e.g., 50 keV) travel along field lines with a high speed of around 20 R_Es⁻¹. These swift electrons trace out field lines in the magnetosphere in a rather short time, and therefore can provide nearly instantaneous information about the changes in the field configuration in regions of geospace. The energetic electrons in the high latitude boundary regions (including the cusp) have been examined in detail by using Cluster/RAPID data for four consecutive high latitude/cusp crossings between 16 March and 19 March 2001. Energetic electrons with high and stable fluxes were observed in the time interval when the IMF had a predominately positive B_z component. These electrons appeared to be associated with a lower plasma density exhibiting no obvious tailward plasma flow (<20 keV). On the other hand, no electrons or only spike-like electron events have been observed in the cusp region during southward IMF. At that time, the plasma density was as high as that in the magnetosheath and was associated with a clear tailward flow. The fact that no stable energetic electron fluxes were observed during southward IMF indicates that the cusp has an open field line geometry. The observations indicate that both the South and North high latitude magnetospheric boundary regions (including both North and South cusp) can be energetic particle trapping regions. The energetic electron observations provide new ways to investigate the dynamic cusp processes. Finally, trajectory tracing of test particles has been performed using the Tsyganenko 96 model; this demonstrates that energetic particles (both ions and electrons) may be indeed trapped in the high latitude magnetosphere.     

江水倒灌污染的水文地球化学分带研究

本文以哈尔滨市松花江污染为例,通过室内模拟槽,研究了江水倒灌过程中的水文地球化学分带(与电子转移、质子转移有关的水文地球化学分带),得出在江水渗透补给地下水的过渡带中,与电子转移有关的氧化还原分带依次分为HS-强还原带、Fe2+还原带、NO2-弱还原带、有O2氧化带;与质子转移有关的分带有CODcr优势带和HCO3-优势带.两种不同类型的水文地球化学分带有机联系、相互作用,并严格控制着钙镁和氮元素等污染组分的迁移过程,从而为实际条件下江水倒灌污染机理的研究提供了基础依据.