Analysis of damage data of low-rise buildings subjected to a shallow Mw6.3 earthquake

In May 2008 a shallow M_w6.3 earthquake struck South Iceland with an epicentre close to two small towns. Nearly 5000 low-rise residential buildings were affected. The recorded maximum PGA was 0.88 g. A great deal of damage occurred, but there was no loss of life. In Iceland all buildings are registered in a detailed official database and insurance against natural disasters is obligatory. As the repair costs for every affected building had to be assessed for insurance purposes this provided an unusual opportunity to review structural performance across the whole population of buildings in the affected area. The estimated repair cost was classified in a number of subcategories covering structural and non-structural damage for five different residential building typologies. Study of these buildings showed that non-structural damage dominated the overall damage. The main monetary damage was cosmetic damage of partition walls and flooring. The structural systems performed quite well and no buildings collapsed.     

Study of damage to a high concrete dam subjected to underwater shock waves

To study the effect of a strong underwater shock wave on a concrete dam, this research aims to improve hammer impact methods in model tests. Six 1:200 scale models were designed and tested under distributed impact loads. A device was deployed for a direct measurement of the impact force at the upstream face of the dams. The model dam bases were anchored to prevent displacement. The experimental results indicate that the top part of the concrete dam is a weak zone, and the impact failure initiates with a fracture on the top of the dam. The peak value of impact stress increases when the second crack appears in the concrete dam from the upstream face to the downstream face. And, the level of the second crack in the dam body is lower as the peak value of impact stress increases. In this study, dynamic analysis was conducted by calculating the results to verify the effectiveness of a device to directly measure the impact force. This method may be used to approximately forecast the damage of concrete dam and may also be useful in other engineering applications.     

门架式双排抗滑桩的弹塑性模型与计算分析

门架式双排抗滑桩的计算模型大部分将桩排间岩土体视为弹性材料,而岩土体为弹塑性材料,使得抗滑桩内力、位移计算结果与实际情况相差较大。假设桩排间岩土体为弹塑性材料,提出一种弹塑性计算模型,该模型将桩排间岩土体看作线弹性单元和塑性单元的组合,根据结构力学知识、土的本构关系和数值分析方法建立一种计算前后排抗滑桩内力的计算方法。首先,由已知的桩顶位移,并结合结构力学位移法求出桩间土总应力。根据Lade-Duncan模型导出这两个单元的基本参数,然后,结合数值分析方法计算出抗滑桩的内力,最后,结合工程实例,运用ANSYS有限元软件进行计算分析,得出门架式双排抗滑桩的内力图。对比监测数据和弹性模型计算结果表明,弹塑性模型的计算结果比弹性模型更加接近监测值。     

砂岩的高温损伤与模量分析

通过定义砂岩试样压缩破坏过程的4个阶段模量,对高温（25℃～1 000℃）后砂岩压缩破坏的应力-应变全过程进行定量研究。分析砂岩高温后的模量特征和超声特性,并基于压缩模量定义高温作用后砂岩试样的热损伤因子,对不同温度作用后的砂岩试样进行损伤分析,发现高温后砂岩压缩破坏具有明显的阶段性特征;4个阶段的阶段模量随温度的变化规律各有不同;压密模量与纵波波速具有很强的相关性;基于压密模量定义的高温后砂岩试样热损伤因子避开了基于纵波波速定义方法,未考虑温度对密度和泊松比影响的缺陷,更具科学性;25～200 ℃温度区间内砂岩试样热损伤对温度最敏感。研究成果对高温环境岩石工程具有一定的指导意义。     

走滑断层位错作用下城市地铁隧道损伤分析

为了能够较快速、较准确地估计出穿越活断层城市地铁隧道的抗震薄弱部位,基于拟静力弹塑性有限元方法,以北京地铁7号线工程的区间隧道作为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了在走滑断层位错作用下地铁隧道的非线性反应。通过在数值计算模型中嵌入合理的损伤塑性本构模型,利用损伤指标研究了走滑断层下衬砌结构的破坏形式,重点分析了结构损伤的开始部位、发展过程以及最终的损伤程度,并建立了能够估计结构损伤范围及破坏最严重位置的统计关系式。结果表明,在走滑断层作用下衬砌结构出现损伤的区域主要发生在活断层附近一定范围内,拱腰部位的损伤最为严重;增加基岩上覆土层厚度能够减轻衬砌结构的破坏程度,当基岩上覆土层厚度大于等于临界覆盖土层厚度时可以不考虑走滑断层断裂对于浅埋隧道的影响。衬砌结构损伤区域长度与震级的大小和土层厚度有关,损伤最严重的位置随土层厚度的变化而改变。研究成果为穿越活断层地铁隧道的抗震设计和安全性评价提供了参考依据。     

横观各向同性土的简明破坏机制解释

由于沉积等作用使得天然土材料内部颗粒排列表现为各向异性。土材料的各向异性使得材料内各平面滑动的内摩擦角不同。因此,在分析各向异性土的破坏问题中,除了考虑来自外部的应力分布以外,还需考虑土材料内部的强度分布。以横观各向同性土为例,阐述了同时考虑材料外部应力分布与材料内部强度分布下各向异性土的破坏机制。为说明,文中假定横观各向同性土内部各平面的内摩擦角正切值随空间方向而线性分布。外部加载进行时,横观各向同性土材料内部各处的应力不断变化,当其内部某处首次出现的应力达到该处的强度时,土材料发生破坏。进一步通过类比得出：区别于金属,各向同性土不是在最大剪应力面而是在最大剪压比面发生破坏;区别于各向同性土,各向异性土不是在最大剪压比面而是在最大剪压强比面发生破坏。     

孔隙分布分形维对多孔材料抗压强度的影响研究

建立了4组不同孔隙分布形式的多孔材料模型,在考虑孔隙分布范围和密度的基础上计算其孔隙分布分形维数,并利用假三维数值试验的方法获得了相同初始强度、不同孔隙度和孔隙分布形式试样的抗压强度。数值试验结果表明,除了孔隙度较小和孔隙分布分维数较大的试样破坏形式基本满足45° 破裂角的规律以外,该分维数较小的试样均呈现出不对称的斜截面破坏;在孔隙度相同的情况下,该分维数越大,样品的抗压强度越高;通过推导假三维情况下材料孔隙度与抗压强度的理论关系发现,该分维数越大,样组的抗压强度随孔隙度增大而衰减的速率越慢;根据损伤力学模型对试样的抗压强度进行预测分析发现,当样组的该分维数较大时,该模型能够较准确地预测多孔材料的抗压强度,而当样组的该分维数逐渐减小时,损伤力学模型的精度也逐渐降低。上述规律是由孔隙分布分维数越小、孔隙分布越不均匀、试样中应力集中的累积效应越显著的原因而造成的。     

矿区开采损害评价WebGIS系统研究

分析了基于ArcIMS开发WebGIS系统的关键问题,提出了基于ArcIMS开发矿区开采损害评价WebGIS系统的总体方案,给出了系统客户端和服务器端的详细设计方案,并就系统核心功能的实现给出了具体的技术方法。建立矿区开采损害评价WebGIS系统,实现开采沉陷灾害的实时评价、监控和预测预报,对于指导矿山生产具有重要的意义。     

Study on Dynamic Transformation,Application and Comparison of Aviation Carbon Emission Environmental Damage Assessment Methods

The contradiction between the rapid development of aviation market and supply of airspace resources has increased the environmental damages of aviation carbon emission. The conversion and application of environmental damage assessment method of aviation carbon emission were summarized, and the characteristics of the assessment methods for air and ground transportation were compared. We found out the followings: \mathrm{①} The evaluation method has been transformed from static assessment to dynamic evaluation, and focused on four key problems, average and total carbon emissions, airspace resource utilization, LTO stage emission, and reduction practice; \mathrm{②} Airport terminal area as well as LTO are becoming the focus in the study of aviation carbon emission assessment method, while the former is the main area and the latter is the main stage of aviation carbon emission. The practice of emission reduction is mainly reflected in the optimization of emission reduction measures in economic field; \mathrm{③} Based on the situation and total assessment methods, environmental damage assessment and comparative advantage of aviation carbon emission and ground transportation carbon emission are reflected in the distance by using distance factor and energy consumption; \mathrm{④} Improving the smoothness of airspace resource traffic network, optimizing flight schedule structure and airspace resource allocation are more conducive to promoting aviation emission reduction.     

江油市城区西山公园滑坡治理建议

西山公园滑坡于2018年7月暴雨时产生滑动,损毁园内西环公路,中断环园道路交通,严重威胁前缘罗汉寺建筑物、僧人、香客及附近居民的财产与生命安全,并对园区的正常运营造成十分不利的影响。本文通过地质调查,利用勘探资料,分析了四川江油城区西山公园滑坡的分布、发育特征、变形破坏机制,对其稳定性与发展趋势进行了预测评价,提出了新建抗滑桩与截排水工程,修复已损毁公路,清除前缘边坡松动土石后进行适当支护的治理措施建议。