Seismic damage of highway bridges during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Many highway bridges were severely damaged or completely collapsed during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.A field investigation was carried out in the strongly affected areas and over 320 bridges were examined. Damage to some representative highway bridges is briefly described and a preliminary analysis of the probable causes of the damage is presented in this paper. The most common damage included shear-flexural failure of the pier columns, expansion joint failure, shear key failure, and girder sliding in the transversal or longitudinal directions due to weak connections between girder and bearings. Lessons learned from this earthquake are described and recommendations related to the design of curved and skewed bridges, design of bearings and devices to prevent girder collapse, and ductility of bridge piers are presented.Suggestions for future seismic design and retrofitting techniques for bridges in moderate to severe earthquake areas are also proposed.     

Output only modal identification and structural damage detection using time frequency ＆ wavelet techniques

The primary objective of this paper is to develop output only modal identifi cation and structural damage detection.Identif ication of multi-degree of freedom(MDOF) linear time invariant(LTI) and linear time variant(LTV—due to damage) systems based on Time-frequency(TF) techniques—such as short-time Fourier transform(STFT),empirical mode decomposition(EMD),and wavelets—is proposed.STFT,EMD,and wavelet methods developed to date are reviewed in detail.In addition a Hilbert transform(HT) approach to determine ...     

Condition assessment of structures under unknown support excitation

A new method is proposed to assess the condition of structures under unknown support excitation by simultaneously detecting local damage and identifying the support excitation from several structural dynamic responses. The support excitation acting on a structure is modeled by orthogonal polynomial approximations, and the sensitivities of structural dynamic response with respect to its physical parameters and orthogonal coeffi cients are derived. The identifi cation equation is based on Taylor’s fi rst orde...     

基于Levy-Mises本构关系及D-P屈服准则的轴对称圆巷理想弹塑性解

如何判断巷道开挖后在无支护反力条件下的围岩弹塑性变形及围岩应力重新分布的力学行为一直是人们研究的重点问题。卡斯特纳方程(Kastner equation)的求解存在以下不足和缺陷：(1) 对支护反力的力学处理存在缺陷,不具有工程实际意义;(2) 塑性区应力求解,没有使用到假设的理想弹塑性材料的塑性本构关系;(3) 塑性区应力求解,没有考虑沿巷道轴向方向的应力的影响。基于增量型本构关系即Levy-Mises关系及D-P屈服准则,对轴对称圆巷进行了理想弹塑性条件的求解。公式计算结果与卡斯特纳方程计算结果和数值模拟计算结果分别进行了对比分析。由于该求解弥补了卡斯特纳方程求解中忽略的3个问题,因此,其结果更具有理论意义和实践价值。     

地裂缝对不同结构形式桥梁桥面的破坏试验研究

根据相似原理,建立了两种支承形式的大比例尺桥梁模型,并在桥面板的上下表面分别布设应变片,通过人工模拟地裂缝的活动,采集了在地裂缝活动下桥面板上产生的应力和应变数据。对试验数据详细分析发现,简支桥由地裂缝引起的附加应力较小,地裂缝活动时主要破坏型式为落梁或落板破坏,因而地裂缝活动时,主要加强对桥梁梁、板位移量的监测,防止出现此类现象发生;固接桥作为一种超静定结构,在地裂缝的影响下产生较大的附加拉、压、剪等应力及扭矩,有可能导致结构性破坏。因此,笔者建议在地裂缝影响带范围内,桥梁以采用简支结构为宜。     

Application of high resolution DEM data to detect rock damage from geomorphic signals along the central San Jacinto Fault

We analyze geomorphic properties extracted from LiDAR and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data to test whether the damage zone along the central San Jacinto Fault (SJF) zone can be resolved with remotely-sensed data in a quantitative fashion. The SJF is one of the most active faults in southern California, with well expressed geomorphology and a fast slip rate, as seen in the geology and by GPS. We use ArcMap and the TauDEM toolbox to compare several morphometric parameters, including drainage density (Dd), on both sides of the fault, using a 1 km and a 5 km buffer for the LiDAR and SRTM data, respectively. We also analyze the spatial patterns of Dd near the fault, using two different definitions of spatial Dd. The high resolution of the LiDAR data allows us to focus on a single fault, eliminating the effects of parallel nearby faults. From the LiDAR data we find that the highest Dd values occur in areas between two fault strands, followed generally by rocks on the northeast side of the fault, with the lowest Dd values occurring on the southwest side of the fault. The SRTM data shows a band of high Dd values centered on the main fault trace with ~ 1 km width. Our results indicate that there is a strong correlation between drainage density and proximity to the fault, with zones of structural complexity along the fault displaying the highest Dd. We interpret this to largely be an effect of degree of rock damage, as these are areas that are expected to be more damaged, and field observations support this contention. If we are correct, then it appears that the northeast side of the SJF is generally more damaged. South of the trifurcation area there is evidence that the signal is reversed on the larger scale, with more damage on the southwest side of the fault inferred from the SRTM data, possibly caused by extension between the Coyote Creek and Clark faults. The implications of the observed asymmetry could be geological evidence for rupture propagation direction, because a preferred propagation direction is predicted to produce asymmetric damage structure that would be recorded in the volume of rock surrounding a fault.     

基于地震动参数的结构易损性表达方法研究

用贝塔分布函数对给定烈度下结构各个破坏等级的概率分布进行了破坏比概率密度的拟合,以地震动峰值作为地震动参数,根据烈度和加速度峰值的对应关系以对数插值方式计算了在任意一个峰值加速度下结构破坏比的倍塔概率密度分布及各个破坏等级的概率,从而使结构易损性的表达方式由烈度-震害等级构成的二维阶跃性易损性矩阵转化为由地震动参数-破坏比概率密度函数或地震动参数-各破坏等级的概率来表达的方式.试算结果表明,这种转化方法是可行的.本文为震害预测和地震经济损失估计提供参考.     

对震后建筑物破坏和可用性分类标准参考的分析

简述了美日等6国专家编写组编写的震后结构破坏和可用性分类的方法及程序专题报告,对报告中分类法产生的思想、分类的依据以及编写城市抗震救灾规划的方法作了过去与现今对比的分析,希望能对汶川地震的重建工作提供一些参考价值。     

Hysteretic energy dissipation capacity and the cyclic to monotonic drift ratio for rectangular RC columns in flexure

Predictions of energy dissipation capacity and of the deterioration of deformation capacity due to cumulative damage have been made by means of a non‐parametric empirical approach, called the conditional average estimator method, using empirical data on rectangular reinforced concrete columns that failed in flexure. Five input parameters were used: axial load index, index related to confinement, shear span index, concrete compressive strength, and longitudinal reinforcement index. The energy capacity was expressed in three different normalized forms and the deterioration of deformation capacity was defined as the ratio of the cyclic to the monotonic ultimate drift. The longitudinal reinforcement index, the index related to confinement, and the axial load index are the most influential input parameters in the case of energy capacity, whereas the latter two indices exhibit the most significant influence in the case of the drift ratio. Energy capacity decreases with an increasing axial load index, whereas it increases with increasing longitudinal reinforcement and with better confinement. In the case of the shear span index, the trend is more complex. Normal concrete has a higher energy dissipation capacity than high‐strength concrete. Similar trends are observed for the drift ratio, with the exception of the influence of the axial load index, where the trend is opposite. The dispersion of the results is high. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川M_S8.0地震彭州灾区典型震害与成因初步分析

2008年5月12日14时28分汶川发生的8.0级大地震对我国四川省西部及西北部县市造成了特别严重,甚至是毁灭性破坏.基于现场调查资料,分析了彭州灾区的灾害空间分布,描述了典型建筑物破坏和大型滑坡体等地质灾害现象,并结合彭州地区房屋抗震设防情况,对此次地震灾害的主要成因进行了分析.结果表明,本次地震灾害的主要成因包括震级大、破坏力强,滑坡崩塌等地震地质灾害严重,农村建筑物缺乏必要的抗震设防措施等.在未来的规划与建设中,应避开断层、滑坡危险区域,并加强对农村地区建筑物的抗震设防指导.