冻土与结构接触面循环剪切损伤模型

抗剪强度和压缩体应变是冻土与结构接触面的力学特性指标中最重要的两个参数,对冻土与结构接触面的力学分析至关重要。采用自行研制的大型多功能冻土-结构接触面循环直剪系统,开展了冻土与结构接触面力学性能及变形规律的试验研究,采用损伤力学理论,基于等应变分布假设、零弹性域假设、弹性应变无耦合假设,选择不可逆性体应变与最大不可逆性体应变的比值作为损伤因子,建立了用于描述冻土与结构接触面剪切行为的抗剪强度与压缩体应变损伤模型。通过相关试验对建立的损伤模型进行验证,结果表明,所建模型是准确、合理的。     

利用CT扫描技术进行冻土研究的现状和展望

介绍了CT扫描技术的特点, 回顾了利用CT扫描试验进行冻土研究的历史和现状, 包括研制与CT配套使用的用于冻土的辅助设备、 利用CT数进行冻土内部结构变化分析、 利用CT数定义损伤并进行损伤演化研究、 利用CT图像进行细观结构分析等, 总结了冻土研究领域的代表性成果. 最后, 指出在现有的技术条件下利用CT扫描技术进行冻土研究所遇到的问题、 以及可能的解决办法. 其中, 着重介绍了高质量CT图像的获取、 CT数的变化与冻土试样感兴趣区域内的各组分变化的联系、 冻土CT图像的数字化处理方向. 结果表明: CT扫描技术是现阶段对冻土内部细观结构进行无损检测的最理想有效的技术之一, 借助辅助设备及图像数字化处理, 势必对冻土领域的研究发展起到更大作用.     

基于主成分分析的遥感震害变化检测方法与应用

本文详细介绍了基于主成分分析的变化检测方法, 根据地震应急工作的实际要求设计合理的变化检测流程, 以阿尔及利亚地震QuickBird震前震后影像为试验数据, 使用该方法对地震引起的建筑物倒塌进行变化检测应用。 结果证明设计的变化检测方法流程具有一定的实用性, 能较为准确地标示出震后损毁区域, 是对变化检测技术应用于地震应急工作的有益尝试。     

高分辨率遥感影像道路震害的快速提取

震后及时获取道路受灾信息, 进行交通通行能力分析, 是抗震救灾的关键之一。 传统的利用遥感技术提取震害信息的方法普遍存在效率低的问题, 影响地震应急的时效性。 本文提出针对特定传感器影像的经验训练参数, 结合面向对象分类, 按照预处理、 影像分类、 震害识别这一流程实现道路震害的快速提取。 实验结果表明, 保障提取效果在一定精度范围内的情况下, 提取速度有明显提高, 有较高的实用意义。     

高地应力下隧道围岩动力损伤分析

为预估和控制爆破荷载作用下围岩损伤范围,在赣龙铁路梅花山隧道工程现场进行岩体声波测试,得到围岩的损伤范围。根据爆破荷载作用下岩体损伤发展规律,采用基于概率形式的损伤变量定义,运用三维有限差分软件对不同地应力状态下爆破产生的围岩损伤范围进行数值模拟,并与现场岩体声波测试结果进行比较。计算结果表明,数值计算与实测结果有较好的一致性,随着地应力大小增大,围岩损伤范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大幅度较大,地应力较高时,局部部位如顶板、底板损伤更为明显,说明地应力大小对围岩损伤分布有着显著影响;随着侧压力系数增大,损伤范围先减小后增大,但增速逐渐减小。所得到的结论可为高地应力下隧道稳定性分析和支护设计提供依据。     

极端海洋环境对海洋平台疲劳寿命的影响

基于渤海和南海的海洋平台设计环境条件,分析了近年来我国近海极端海洋环境条件的发生规律及其对海洋平台疲劳设计条件的冲击。采用Miner’s线性累积疲劳损伤准则和疲劳可靠性理论,研究了极端海况引起的疲劳损伤对海洋平台疲劳寿命的影响,提出了考虑极端海洋环境条件的海洋平台疲劳设计方法。研究表明,由于近年来全球气候变换带来的极端气象条件频发,导致海洋工程结构经历传统意义上的多年一遇海洋环境条件的概率大大增加,使得现行的海洋平台疲劳设计条件偏离了实际的海洋环境条件。数值算例表明,极端海况引起的疲劳损伤在总的疲劳损伤的比例大大增加,甚至成为疲劳损伤的主要部分。因此,这些极端海况引起的疲劳损伤对结构疲劳寿命的影响不容忽略,考虑极端海洋环境条件的海洋平台疲劳设计符合近年来的灾害性海况频发的现状。     

Rapid evaluation and damage assessment of instrumented highway bridges

This study focuses on the use of strong motion data recorded during earthquakes and aftershocks to provide a preliminary assessment of the structural integrity and possible damage in bridges. A system identification technique is used to determine dynamical characteristics and high‐fidelity first‐order linear models of a bridge from low level earthquake excitations. A finite element model is developed and updated using a genetic algorithm optimization scheme to match the frequencies identified and to simulate data from a damaging earthquake for the bridge. Here, two criteria are used to determine the state of the structure. The first criteria uses the error between the data recorded or simulated by the calibrated nonlinear finite element model and the data predicted by the linear model. The second criteria compares relative displacements of the structure with displacement thresholds identified using a pushover analysis. The use of this technique can provide an almost immediate, yet reliable, assessment of the structural health of an instrumented bridge after a seismic event. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Building pounding damage observed in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake

Building pounding damages observed in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake are described in this paper. The extent and severity of pounding damage is presented based on a street survey of Christchurch's central business district. Six damage severity levels and two confidence levels are defined to classify the observed damage. Generally, pounding was observed to be a secondary effect. However, over 6% of the total surveyed buildings were observed to have significant or greater pounding damage. Examples of typical and exceptional pounding damage are identified and discussed. Extensive pounding damage was observed in low‐rise unreinforced masonry buildings that were constructed with no building separation. Modern buildings were also endangered by pounding when building separations were infilled with solid architectural flashings. The damage caused by these flashings was readily preventable. The observed pounding damage is compared to that observed in the September 2010 Darfield earthquake to explore if the damage could have been predicted. It is found that pounding prone buildings can be identified with reasonable accuracy by comparing configurations to characteristics previously noted by researchers. However, detailed pounding damage patterns cannot currently be precisely predicted by these methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient performance‐based seismic design method for reinforced concrete frames

In this paper, a practical method is developed for performance‐based design of RC structures subjected to seismic excitations. More efficient design is obtained by redistributing material from strong to weak parts of a structure until a state of uniform deformation or damage prevails. By applying the design algorithm on 5, 10 and 15‐storey RC frames, the efficiency of the proposed method is initially demonstrated for specific synthetic and real seismic excitations. The results indicate that, for similar structural weight, designed structures experience up to 30% less global damage compared with code‐based design frames. The method is then developed to consider multiple performance objectives and deal with seismic design of RC structures for a design spectrum. The results show that the proposed method is very efficient at controlling performance parameters and improving structural behaviour of RC frames. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment to slight damage based on experimental modal parameters

The aim of this paper is to adjust behaviour models for each class of structure for vulnerability assessment by using ambient vibration. A simple model based on frequencies, mode shapes and damping, taken from ambient vibrations, allows computation of the response of the structures and comparison of inter‐storey drifts with the limits found in the literature for the slight damage grade, considered here as the limit of elastic behaviour. Two complete methodologies for building fragility curves are proposed: (1) using a multi‐degree of freedom system including higher modes and full seismic ground‐motion and (2) using a single‐degree of freedom model considering the fundamental mode f₀ of the structure and ground‐motion displacement response spectra S_D(f₀). These two methods were applied to the city of Grenoble, where 60 buildings were studied. Fragility curves for slight damage were derived for the various masonry and reinforced concrete classes of buildings. A site‐specific earthquake scenario, taking into account local site conditions, was considered, corresponding to an M_L = 5.5 earthquake at a distance of 15 km. The results show the benefits of using experimental models to reduce variability of the slight damage fragility curve. Moreover, by introducing the experimental modal model of the buildings, it is possible to improve seismic risk assessment at an overall scale (the city) or a local scale (the building) for the first damage grade (slight damage). This level of damage, of great interest for moderate seismic‐prone regions, may contribute to the seismic loss assessment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.