塔克拉玛干沙漠公路气象灾害及其防御对策

通过对沙漠公路周围１６个气象站３０多年资料分析,结合近几年沙漠腹地的气象观测资料,指出大风、沙尘暴、高温等是沙漠公路一线主要的气象灾害,分析了灾害性天气的时空分布,并提出了相应的防御措施。     

Ambient vibration tests of a seven-story reinforced concrete building in Van Nuys, California, damaged by the 1994 Northridge earthquake

Results of two detailed ambient vibration surveys of a 7-story reinforced concrete building in Van Nuys, California, are presented. Both surveys were conducted after the building was severely damaged by the 17 January 1994, Northridge earthquake (M_L=5.3, epicenter 1.5 km west from the building site) and its early aftershocks. The first survey was conducted on 4 and 5 February 1994, and the second one on 19 and 20 April 1994, about one month after the 20 March aftershock (M_L=5.3, epicenter 1.2 km north–west from the building site). The apparent frequencies and two- and three-dimensional mode shapes for longitudinal, transverse and vertical vibrations were calculated. The attempts to detect the highly localized damage by simple spectral analyses of the ambient noise data were not successful. It is suggested that very high spatial resolution of recording points is required to identify localized column and beam damage, due to the complex building behavior, with many interacting structural components. The loss of the axial capacity of the damaged columns could be seen in the vertical response of the columns, but similar moderate or weak damage typically would not be noticed in ambient vibration surveys. Previous analysis of the recorded response of this building to 12 earthquakes suggests that, during large response of the foundation and piles, the soil is pushed sideways and gaps form between the foundation and the soil. These gaps appear to be closing during “dynamic compaction” when the building site is shaken by many small aftershocks. The apparent frequencies of the soil–foundation–structure system appear to be influenced significantly by variations in the effective soil–foundation stiffness. These variations can be monitored by a sequence of specialized ambient vibration tests.     

钢筋混凝土结构基于改进能力谱法的地震损伤性能设计

本文基于国内外非线性静力分析方法,阐述了最近由Ｃｈｏｐｒａ和Ｇｏｅｌ提供的改进能力谱法的基本概念和实施步骤;其次,结合文献「１８」中提出的钢筋沸凝土结构地震损伤“三水准”性能目标和改进能力谱法,提出了基于能力谱法的结构地震损伤性能简化设计及验算方法;最后,通过设计例题说明了本文方法的可行性,并将计算结果与时程分析进行了比较,显示了此法的有效性。     

CT技术应用于岩石实验动态观测的新进展

首先分析了岩石实验的ＣＴ动态观测现状,提出了密度损伤增量新概念,从理论上推导出ＣＴ数Ｈ与密度分析方法作了对比,说明密度损伤增量的优越性在于物理含义明确。可以定量刻划岩石任意应力状态,任意位置的损伤程度,借助于ＣＴ技术,密度损伤增量的量测得到实现,从而真实地观测到岩石细观测损伤过程。     

煤层构造变形的综合定量分析

以断裂破坏指数和褶皱构造变形系数为基础,提出了构造变形综合指数新概念,为定量地判识煤层构造复杂程度提供了一种科学方法。      

岩土材料塑性损伤模型及拱坝的变形局部化分析

常规的弹塑性模型难以模拟材料破坏时由于内部损伤累积引起的变形局部化带形成过程。将岩土材料抽象为含有孔洞的球形体胞单元的集合体,采用一个标量--孔洞体积百分比来刻划单元的损伤程度,基于细观损伤力学提出了一个适用于岩土材料的塑性损伤模型。将该模型通过用户子程序嵌入到大型有限元商业软件MRAC中,研究岩土材料的局部化剪切带形成过程。采用该模型,成功地对平面应力条件下岩土材料单轴受压和单轴受拉试件的局部化破坏分别进行了数值模拟。采用该模型,对拱坝在超水载作用下的变形局部化进行了研究,数值计算结果表明,上游坝踵处最先发生变形局部化现象。     

超载预压法的卸载控制理论研究

超载预压法是处理软土地基的一种有效的方法,其处理效果可以从工后沉降（后续变形）得到反映,而工后沉降与超载预压的超载比及卸载时地基达到的平均固结度有关。对于超载卸除前地基应达到的平均固结度（即卸载控制问题）,目前还缺乏简单有效的计算模型。从超载预压的原理出发,基于 曲线,提出了考虑土体骨架非线性弹塑性应力-应变关系的二元件固结模型,给出了该模型的固结微分方程,并用差分法进行了求解,与传统卸载控制理论相比显示出了较理想的结果。同时,基于该模型讨论了渗透系数和土骨架的弹塑性应变的比例对卸载控制的影响。     

石灰岩热损伤破坏机制研究

采用清华大学带扫描电镜的岛津SEM高温疲劳试验机系统,对高温作用下石灰岩在单向压缩和单向拉伸加载的细观结构进行了实时试验研究,探讨了岩石热损伤演化过程和热裂纹扩展、破坏特征,建立了岩石热裂纹生长的损伤模型,结合试验结果和利用位错、扩散蠕变的概念,分析了岩石热损伤变形的破坏机制。结果表明在500 ℃范围内的温度作用下产生的热裂纹主要为晶间裂纹。     

锦屏一级左岸导流洞出口边坡开挖支护有限元模拟

锦屏一级水电站左岸导流洞出口边坡岸坡陡峻,层间挤压破碎带、顺坡卸荷裂隙及深部裂缝发育。边坡开挖将切除部分维持边坡稳定的坡脚岩体,从而对工程边坡及上部变形拉裂岩体的稳定性产生不利影响。基于锚固岩体弹塑性等效本构关系,采用弹塑性有限元法对边坡开挖、加固及地震作用进行了数值模拟,分析了开挖边坡的稳定性,并对初拟的“先锚后挖、边挖边锚”的施工程序的合理性进行了评价,提出了若干对工程建设具有一定指导意义的建议。