Bedload transport measurements with impact plate geophones: comparison of sensor calibration in different gravel‐bed streams

Indirect bedload transport measurements have been made with the Swiss plate geophone system in five gravel‐bed mountain streams. These geophone sensors record the motion of bedload particles transported over a steel plate mounted flush with the channel bed. To calibrate the geophone system, direct bedload transport measurements were undertaken simultaneously. At the Erlenbach in Switzerland, a moving‐basket sampler was used. At the Fischbach and Ruetz streams in Austria, a Helley–Smith type bedload sampler provided the calibration measurements. A Bunte‐type bedload trap was used at the Rofenache stream in Austria. At the Nahal Eshtemoa in Israel, Reid‐type slot bedload samplers were used. To characterize the response of the geophone signal to bedload particles impacting on the plate, geophone summary values were calculated from the raw signal and stored at one second intervals. The number of impulses, i.e. the number of peaks above a pre‐defined threshold value of the geophone output signal, correlated well with field measured gravel transport loads and was found to be a robust parameter. The relations of impulses to gravel transport loads were generally near‐linear, but the steepness of the calibration relations differed from site to site. By comparing the calibration measurements from the different field sites and utilizing insights gained during preliminary flume experiments, it has been possible to identify the main factors that are responsible for site specific differences in the calibration coefficient. The analysis of these calibration measurements indicates that the geophone signal also contains some information about the grain size distribution of bedload. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北克拉通北缘—西伯利亚板块南缘的地壳速度结构特征

华北克拉通北缘—西伯利亚板块南缘（张家口—中蒙边界）的深地震测深剖面长600 km,跨越华北板块、内蒙造山带和西伯利亚板块.沿测线采用8个1.5t的爆炸震源激发地震波,使用300套数字地震仪接收,取得了高质量的地震资料.通过资料分析和处理,识别出沉积层及结晶基底的折射波（Pg）、上地壳底面的反射波（P2）、中地壳内的反射波（P3）、中地壳底面的反射波（P4）、下地壳内的反射波（P5,仅在镶黄旗—苏尼特右旗下方出现）和莫霍面的反射波（Pm）等6个震相.采用地震动力学射线方法（seis88）得到的地壳速度结构表明：（1）在华北板块与内蒙造山带之间,内蒙造山带与西伯利亚板块之间,上地壳中存在明显的高速度局部变化,在地表发育大量的古生代花岗岩体、超基性岩体.（2）在中下地壳华北板块南缘的地震波速度大,为6.3~6.7 km/s,西伯利亚板块北缘的速度小,为6.1~6.7 km/s,且界面比较平缓.原因是在内蒙造山带内地壳的缩短和隆升造山引起了中下地壳界面的剧烈起伏,不同海陆块的拼合和物质交换导致了不同区域速度的不均匀性.（3）莫霍面在赤峰断裂带（F₂）以南和索伦敖包—阿鲁科尔沁旗断裂带（F₄）以北较为平缓,平均深度为40~42 km.在F₂—F₄之间呈双莫霍面,莫霍面1明显上隆,深度为33.5 km,层速度为6.6~6.7 km/s.莫霍面2明显下凹,在西拉木伦河断裂带（F₃）下方,最深达到47 km,速度达到最大为6.8~6.9 km/s,这可能是由壳幔物质混合引起的.依据莫霍面的特点,本文认为双莫霍面以南为华北板块北缘,以北为西伯利亚板块南缘,拼合位置在赤峰断裂带（F₂）与索伦敖包—阿鲁科尔沁旗断裂带（F₄）之间的区域.     

基于入射角的两项流体阻抗反演方法

本文在孔隙弹性介质理论的指导下,基于入射角AVO近似方程推导了包含Russell流体项的两项AVO近似方程和相应的弹性阻抗方程,通过分析可知其精度符合反演要求.在贝叶斯理论框架下,建立了包含正则化约束的弹性阻抗反演方法,在此基础上直接提取Russell流体项.该方法可在缺少大角度叠前地震资料的情况下进行叠前直接反演得到流体因子,减少传统方法带来的累积误差.模型试算表明,该方法具有较好的准确度和稳定性.实际工区应用取得了良好的效果,表明该方法有实用性.     

弹性回跳模型:从经典走向未来

弹性回跳模型包含3个基本要点:1)地震来自于断层的运动;2)断层运动导致其两侧的岩石发生不均匀的弹性变形,积累巨大的能量,地震中部分弹性能得以释放;3)在断层带的各个点上积累能量的过程是缓慢而不均匀的。Brace(1966)提出弹性回跳的物理机制应当用摩擦滑动过程中出现的不平稳滑动(jerky sliding motion或stick-slip)来解释。Byerlee定律以量化形式表达了地壳摩擦规律,但是没有给出变差的范围。用弹簧滑块模型比拟粘滑,摩擦单元被抽象为刚性滑块,变形被归结于实验加载机的机械框架。后人在此基础上发展了所谓的速度依赖性模型。实验结果表明,速度扰动所带来的摩擦系数变化远远小于材料本身摩擦系数波动,其影响几乎可以忽略不计。而刚性摩擦滑块的假定与实验观测不符,本质上违反了弹性回跳模型所描述的地震现场考察结果。回到经典就是回归对地震现场问题的研究,这是正确的未来之路。     

地震断层带流体作用的岩石化学-物理响应——来自矿物学、岩石化学、岩石物理学的启示

地震断层带是壳内深部流体的通道。流体与地震破裂带内的岩石相互作用导致其具有与地壳完整岩石完全不同的特性,包括其矿物成分、化学成分、粒度分布、孔隙度、渗透性和弹性等方面,这些特征可以视为流体与地震断层带相互作用的响应。深入研究断层岩的岩石化学和岩石物理性质将有助于准确和精细地了解地震断层岩的形成过程,分析地震能量分配,认识物质迁移的方式,解释或约束地震断层带深部探测结果等。文中以汶川地震破裂带内的断层岩为例,研究并总结了地震断层岩的渗透率、孔隙度、纵波速度、粒度分布和矿物组成等特征。结果显示,地震破裂带上的断层岩形成与地震破裂作用有关,但表现出的性质更大程度上烙有间震期流体与断层岩相互作用的印记。汶川地震破裂带上的断层岩本身并不是汶川地震破裂的直接产物,而是多次地震破裂和间震期流体与断层带相互作用的综合结果。此外,还探讨了地震破裂能、地震破裂扩展、围陷波形成及解释的问题。     

Ultrasonic elastic characteristics of five kinds of metamorphic deformed coals under room temperature and pressure conditions

The calibration of the elastic characteristics of deformed coals is essential for seismic inversion of such units, because the prediction of coal deformation is essential for both mining safety and methane production. Therefore, many samples of broken and mylonitic deformed coal were tested with ultrasonic waves in the laboratory. These samples came from four mining areas: the Huainan, Pingdingshan, Hebi and Jiaozuo coal mines, which present five different metamorphic ranks shown as cylinders striking across circular limits of steel. Under normal pressures and temperatures, ultrasonic P- and S-wave tests show that the velocities, quality factors, and elastic moduli of the deformed coals were greatly reduced compared with undeformed coals. Also, some correlation was found between the P- and S-wave velocities in the deformed coals. However, there is no evidence of linear correlations between velocity and density, velocity and quality factor, or the quality factors of P- and S-waves. Compared with the elastic characteristics of undeformed coals, such as P- and S-wave velocity ratios or Poisson’s ratio, those of deformed coals generally decrease and the P-wave quality factors are less than those of S-waves. Moreover, the analysis of the relationship between pore structure and elastic modulus shows a better correlation between the P- and S-wave velocities and effective porosity, pore volume and specific surface area. Also, there are similar relationships between the pore structure and the Young’s and shear moduli. However, there are no such correlations with other moduli. Correlations between these elastic moduli, pore structure, coal rank and density were not found for the various samples of deformed coals, which is consistent with only structural destruction occurring in the deformed coals with other physical properties remaining unchanged. The experimental results show that it is possible to predict the deformation of coals with multi-component seismic elastic inversion.     

线性分布基床系数弹性地基梁有限单元法改进

弹性地基梁法常用于研究土和结构的相互作用,对于均布荷载和边界条件简单的弹地基梁,采用理论解即可方便地进行计算。侧向荷载作用下桩体、嵌入式挡墙一般根据弹性地基梁理论进行分析,并假定基床系数随深度增加。对于基床系数呈线性分布或呈均匀分布但边界条件复杂的弹性地基梁理论求解困难,通常采用有限差分法或有限单元法近似求解。采用有限单元法计算线性分布基床系数弹性地基梁时,若单元划分数量不够,就存在计算精度不足的问题。采用加权余量法推导了更为精确的2节点5次位移函数和相应的单刚矩阵,得出了线性分布荷载作用下挠度的5次多项式近似解,从而实现只需划分很少的单元数,节点位移及单元内位移的分布即可达到较高的计算精度,极大地提高了计算效率,单元内力的分布可直接由位移函数导出,简化了后处理计算程序。     

三角波卸载段作用下钙质砂岩毫秒量级变形速率预测模型研究

针对现阶段岩体循环加载下力学响应研究中的不足之处,以宜昌地区钙质中-细砂岩为研究对象和以RMT-150C岩土力学试验系统为试验平台,开展了毫秒(ms)量级三角波卸载段变形速率预测率模型研究。将卸载过程分为非滞后时间段和滞后时间段,给出各段判别依据,提出所需相关参数。定量指出滞后时间段带来的影响,给出滞后时间段的预测模型。在非滞后时间段提出表观弹性模量的概念,试验数据分析表明未出现加载破坏前,岩样表观弹性模量和即时垂向力始终保持线性关系。在该基础上建立三角波卸载段非滞后时间段的变形速率预测率模型模型,由于加载仪器不能精确输入三角波,将加载速率平均值修正和载荷速率中加入常数项修正后,该模型的预测变形速率和应力-应变曲线与实测值精确吻合,表明所建模型的合理性。     

桂林红黏土的土-水特征曲线

采用压力板法、滤纸法和饱和盐溶液法3种方法,对压实桂林红黏土进行全吸力范围内的土-水特性量测,研究干密度对于土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明：干密度1.4 g/cm3的压实桂林红黏土的进气值约为20 kPa;土-水特征曲线的过渡段与典型的土-水特征曲线不同,含水率或饱和度与吸力的对数坐标关系不是单一直线,而是出现了3段直线,并且中间一段平缓段下降斜率较小;当吸力增大到367 MPa时,含水率仅为0.74%,可认为如吸力继续增大至106 kPa时,含水率和饱和度为0;用吸力与含水率关系表示土-水特征曲线时,吸力较大时不同干密度的曲线重合,认为干密度对土-水特征曲线无影响。用吸力与饱和度关系表示土-水特征曲线时,在吸力较小时,干密度越大,对应的土-水特征曲线越高;当吸力较大时,不同干密度的土-水特征曲线几乎重合。     

基于力能分析的平煤五矿己四采区煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测

根据实测平煤五矿己₁₅煤层瓦斯含量和压力结果,从力能角度分析了地应力、瓦斯和煤强度对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,发现己四采区己₁₅煤层受地应力作用,煤体弹性潜能远大于瓦斯膨胀能,即以构造应力为主的地应力为其突出最主要的影响因素;结合己四采区地质因素和己₁₅煤层瓦斯可解吸量,确定该采区煤与瓦斯突出危险区的下限指标为原煤瓦斯含量达到5.4 m3/t,绝对瓦斯压力为0.79 MPa,该下限指标对应的煤层底板标高为–600 m。因此预测–600 m标高以浅为无突出危险区,–600 m以深为突出危险区。