山区县生态发展的路径探索——以广东省阳山县生态发展规划为例

要“生态”还是要“发展”一直以来都是困扰山区的两难选择.“生态发展”为山区“既要生态也要发展”提供了一条现实的路径.文中从生态发展的思想渊源与内涵出发,对山区县生态发展的动力机制、总体路径进行了研究和探索,并将其理念融入广东省阳山县的生态发展规划.研究表明,生态发展是自然、经济、社会复合巨系统的正向演进过程,其动力来自于自然、经济、社会系统内部,其实现也有赖于自然、经济、社会三大系统的和谐统一、相互影响、相互促进.认为山区县在发展过程中必须十分重视生态保护、生态经济、城镇化以及民生保障等四项内容,四者作为     

不同类型防沙堤流场的风洞实验模拟研究

防沙堤在风沙防护体系中发挥着重要的作用。对不同形状、不同倾角和不同高度防沙堤的流场结构进行风洞模拟实验,对不同类型防沙堤的防护效益进行评价。研究结果表明:①防沙堤强烈地影响了周围的气流流动特性,根据不同流场特征将其划分为5个典型区域:迎风坡脚低速区、遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区和消散恢复区,其中迎风坡脚低速区和背风侧减速沉降区能有效降低风速、阻滞风沙流。②梯形较三角形防沙堤形成的迎风坡脚低速区范围更大,而三角形较梯形防沙堤形成的有效防护距离更大。③三角形防沙堤的防护范围随风速的增大而减小。三角形防沙堤形成的有效防护距离随迎风坡倾角的增加而增大;迎风坡脚低速区范围随倾角增大而减小。④倾角40°的三角形防沙堤模型在各组风速下均形成最大的有效防护距离。⑤防沙堤背风侧的有效防护距离与沙堤高度呈正相关。     

恒载作用下轴对称圆巷围岩的流变变形方程求解

建立围岩-支护相互作用流变变形机制的数学力学模型是解决岩石地下工程支护问题的有效途径,其关键问题是,在围岩产生流变变形的过程中支护是如何对围岩进行作用的。根据基于Levy-Mises本构关系及D-P屈服准则的轴对称圆巷的理想弹塑性解、一维蠕变曲线的等时曲线相似的假设以及三维流变试验结果,推导出了原岩应力和被动支护反力均为恒载,且巷道围岩为三维应力状态下的蠕变方程及轴对称圆巷围岩的非线性黏弹塑性流变变形计算公式。与前人的工作相比,文中推导的公式中含有对围岩流变变形起决定作用的2个参数,即原岩应力 和岩石材料的单轴塑性屈服应力 ,因此公式推导的理论基础更加完备、可信度更高。     

南极臭氧洞的影响因子和变化趋势

利用卫星和台站观测的南极臭氧资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了南极臭氧近年来的变化特征和影响因子,探讨了南极臭氧洞期间中山站臭氧突变过程与大气动力的作用。结果显示,平流层氯和溴的卤化物当量（EESC）和平流层温度是影响南极臭氧洞面积的关键因子。臭氧总量与EESC和平流层温度均具有显著相关,表明两站虽然都位于臭氧洞边缘,EESC和平流层温度对臭氧总量的变化仍然可以起决定性的作用,同时也验证了EESC参数在东南极大陆沿岸具有适用性。 EESC的年代际变化与臭氧变化趋势相似,臭氧的年际变化与平流层温度关系密切。回归结果表明,2010年后臭氧洞面积逐渐减小,在2070年左右可能恢复到1980年前的水平,但其结果存在很大的不确定性。     

基于状态曲面的非饱和土强度准则及其验证

考虑体变对非饱和土土-水状态的影响,将状态曲面函数引入传统的Vanapalli强度公式得到与孔隙比相关的抗剪强度准则,新准则使用饱和土的强度参数和两条不同孔隙比对应的土-水特征曲线。选择一种尾矿砂和高岭土的混合土料为研究对象,进行一系列的土-水特征曲线试验、吸力控制的等向压缩和三轴剪切试验。试验结果表明,新准则能更准确地预测非饱和土的强度,证明了传统强度预测的误差主要来源于忽略了体变导致的土-水状态变化,并提出在不同应力空间内精确地获得抗剪强度包线的方法,合理地解释了强度包线斜率在净应力-强度平面内随吸力增大、强度包线形状在吸力-强度平面内随净应力发生变化的特性。     

大地电磁资料精细处理和二维反演解释技术研究（四）——阻抗张量分解的多测点-多频点统计成像分析

基于大地电磁阻抗张量分解技术,本文提出了两种电性主轴方位的统计描述图像：随频率变化的统计分布成像（频率分布云图）和随测点序列变化的统计分布成像（测点分布云图）.这两种图像与传统的统计玫瑰图一起,较全面地描述了最佳主轴的分布特征.在进行构造维性分析过程中,通过定义二维有效因子e_2d,来压制一维结构和三维结构、突出纯二维结构的影响.e_2d被用于电性主轴的统计加权,有效地起到了滤波的作用;同时,统计成像中还考虑了数据质量的影响.为了得到稳定、高质量的区域阻抗张量数据,提出并实现了共主轴的多测点-多频点阻抗张量分解新算法.最终,完成了以上各项处理手段的可视化实现.本文通过两个理论模型和一个实测算例,以共轭阻抗法（CCZ法）为基础,展示了这一新技术的有效性.     

Experimental implementation and verification of multi‐degrees‐of‐freedom effective force testing

This paper presents an experimental implementation and verification of multi‐degrees‐of‐freedom effective force testing (MDOF‐EFT). An experimental setup that consists of a two‐degrees‐of‐freedom structural system and two hydraulic actuators at the Johns Hopkins University was utilized in this study. First, experimental system identification was performed to develop compatible analytical models for the multi‐input and multi‐output systems. Dynamics of the control plant, that is, the valve‐to‐force relations, were modeled with a rational polynomial transfer function matrix and delay components. By using the analytical model, a centralized decoupling loop‐shaping force feedback controller was designed such that the forces are uncoupled and the loop transfer functions have desirable dynamic characteristics in the frequency domain. Then, a series of harmonic force and earthquake simulation tests were performed to assess capabilities and limitations of MDOF‐EFT. Experimental results showed that the dynamic forces in the two actuators were accurately controlled to provide tracking while the system was stable and robust for the entire period of the experiment. Furthermore, earthquake simulation tests with increased levels of the reference forces demonstrated the feasibility of MDOF‐EFT with highly nonlinear test structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Displacement limits and performance displacement profiles in support of direct displacement‐based seismic assessment of bridges

Displacement limits and performance displacement profiles (PDPs) for the direct displacement‐based assessment of existing bridges are proposed. The PDPs are defined as the bridge inelastic deformed shapes associated with the attainment of selected damage states in some critical elements of the bridge. In the paper, displacement limits are provided for piers, abutments, joints, bearing devices and shear keys. Moreover, different approaches for the definition of the PDP are examined, including adaptive pushover analysis, effective modal analysis, and rational analysis of simplified bridge models. In the paper, the key aspects and modeling assumptions of the proposed direct displacement‐based assessment procedure are presented first. This is followed by some examples of application to typical Italian highway bridge configurations, differing in pier layout, deck type, and pier‐deck connections. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Welded end‐slot connection and debonding layers for buckling‐restrained braces

The debonding mechanism has a significant effect on the performance of a buckling‐restrained brace (BRB). In this paper, a method for estimating the compression strength adjustment factor for any given BRB core strain is presented. Experimental investigations were conducted on four BRBs to examine the efficiency of four different debonding materials in reducing the difference between the cyclic peak compression and tension. Test results indicate that chloroprene rubber is very easy to install and very effective in minimizing the difference between the compressive and tensile capacities. The excellent performance of 13 full‐scale welded end‐slot BRBs (WES‐BRBs) is illustrated through experiments. Cyclic loading test results of a 12.5‐m long jumbo WES‐BRB reveal that its peak compressive strength exceeds 16,800 kN and its maximum core strain reaches 0.035. All WES‐BRBs show satisfactory performance with a very stable hysteresis response, modest peak compressive to tensile strength ratio, and very predictable axial stiffness. These specimens sustain a cumulative plastic deformation of greater than 400 times the yield deformation. The hysteresis responses can be satisfactorily predicted by using a two‐surface plasticity analytical model. Advantages of the welded end‐slot connections are also presented through a discussion on the effects of the BRB yield region length ratio on the effective stiffness, the yield story drift, and the core strain level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低含水率非饱和高温冻土模型

在低含水率非饱和土模型的基础上,从冻土物理特性出发,只考虑毛细吸力和附加压力的作用,建立了非饱和高温冻土细观结构模型,并结合相关实验数据资料改进了高温冻土未冻水含量的经验关系式,基此推导出孔隙水压力、有效应力以及抗剪强度随温度、含水量的变化关系. 同时,通过理论计算与实验（实测）结果进行对比分析,发现本模型能够很好地反映非饱和高温冻土的相关物理力学特性,尤其在定性上能够与宏观实测结果相吻合. 最后,基于非饱和高温冻土微观模型,对非饱和高温冻土的有效应力、抗剪强度进行了讨论分析,给出了合理的理论解释,并对高温冻土相关物理力学特性做出了定性的理论预测.