Simulation of normal distributed smooth fields by Karhunen-Loéve expansion in combination with kriging

Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function. This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the 2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the predefined covariance functions are evaluated.     

基于无人船的大洋中尺度涡观测系统展望

中尺度涡在大洋中普遍存在,研究发现其能量比大尺度海洋环流的能量大一个量级,在海洋物质能量输运和全球气候变化中起着重要的作用。受观测条件限制,目前对中尺度涡的观测主要通过卫星高度计实现,只能从海面高度来推算中尺度涡大小、分布、强度及其伴随的水体和能量输送,而卫星高度计对中尺度涡垂直结构特征认识不足,也导致了对中尺度涡所引起的上层海洋能量、热量输送估计误差偏大。目前对中尺度涡三维结构观测认识不足,展望未来将会出现基于无人船平台的大洋中尺度涡三维结构自动观测系统,该平台将集成自动水下剖面观测功能等先进技术,以便观测中尺度涡的垂直结构特征及其时空变化特征,进而可对中尺度涡带来的物质和能量输送进行系统认识。     

南海冬、夏季环流的三维数值模拟

本文利用一个斜压三维陆架海模式——HAMSOM模式对12月份和8月份的南海环流进行数值模拟,结果为:对上层流场,在12月份,在西沙群岛－中沙群岛海区间呈现一个气旋式环流,在越南中部东岸存在一支南向西边界流,在金兰湾的远海为一局地反气旋涡,在南海南部,主要表现为万安滩的气旋式大弯曲(气旋涡)及在北康暗沙北侧的反气旋涡;在8月份,在东沙群岛－中沙群岛－吕宋岛西侧海域间存在一大尺度的气旋涡,在南海西部主要表现为以西沙群岛南部的气旋涡与金兰湾－礼乐滩间的反气旋式大环流相对峙的局面,同时在万安滩东侧有－气旋涡.由于斜压效应、底形效应的作用,使冬、夏季的南海南部中层流场几乎与上层流场相反.     

Construction and progress of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of ChinaFLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of ChinaFLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of ChinaFLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.     

Size Scaling of Cross Correlation Between Multiple Variables

Reservoir models have large uncertainty because of spatial variability and limited sample data. The ultimate aim is to use simultaneously all available data sources to reduce uncertainty and provide reliable reservoir models for resource assessment and flow simulation. Seismic impedance or some other attribute provides a key source of data for reservoir modeling. These seismic data are at a coarser scale than the hard well data and it not an exact measurement of facies proportions or porosity. A requirement for data integration is the cross-covariance between the well and seismic data.The size-scaling behavior of the cross correlation for different measurement scales was nvestigated. The size-scaling relationship is derived theoretically and validated by numerical studies (including an example with real data). The limit properties of the cross-correlation coefficient when the averaging volume becomes large is shown. After some averaging volume, the volume-dependent cross-correlation coefficient reaches a limit value. This plateau value is controlled mainly by the large-scale behavior of the cross and direct variograms.The cross correlation can increase or decrease with volume support depending on the relative importance of long- and short-scale covariance structures. If the direct and cross variograms are proportional, there is no change in the cross correlation as the averaging volume changes. Our study shows that the volume-dependent cross-correlation coefficient is sensitive to the shape of the cross variogram and differences between the direct variograms of the well data and seismic data.     

荒漠河岸林涡度相关通量测定中平均时间的确定及其对通量计算的影响

极端干旱区在全球生态系统中具有重要的地位而越来越被人们所重视。涡度相关技术是研究极端干旱区生态系统水热和CO2交换的有力工具之一。而涡度相关数据在实际应用中需要根据研究区的实际情况选择适宜于该地区的采样和计算参数（如采样频率和平均时间等）。根据2011年9月22日～10月8日（17个白天）原始数据（采样频率为10 Hz）,采用不同平均时间（1～120 min）对塔河下游柽柳河岸林生态系统的潜热通量[（LE）]、感热通量[（H）]和CO2通量[（Fc）]进行了重新计算,比较分析各通量不同平均时间的计算值与30 min通量值,以揭示平均时间对该地区通量计算结果的影响。结果发现：（1）平均时间在120 min以内,17个白天湍流通量及能量平衡比率[（EBR）]均值随平均时间的延长而增大,当平均时间>120 min后,湍流通量（及[EBR]）均值随平均时间的延长大幅减小,其中15～60 min的[EBR]增幅较小,仅在2%左右。（2）平均时间>60 min后,[LE]、[H]和[FC]各通量计算值发生了不同程度的变异。通过进一步对上午[EBR]较为接近的5个样本日进行对比分析,发现当平均时间取15～60 min之间时,样本日的上午[EBR]值变化趋势一致,样本日间[EBR]差异较小;而当平均时间取>60 min或<15 min时,样本日间[EBR]差异明显增大。结合Ogive函数计算分析,我们的结论是,对于通量的长期观测研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为60 min;而对通量的日变化研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为15 min。通过分析15、30和60 min平均时间对小时通量的影响,发现当通量为增加趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步增大通量绝对值,而当通量为减小趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步减小通量绝对值。     

The role of visualisation in the choice of stationary non-separable space–time covariance functions: an application to air pollution data

Modelling spatio-temporal dependencies resulting from dynamic processes that evolve in both space and time is essential in many scientific fields. Spatio-temporal Kriging is one of the space–time procedures, which has progressed the most over the last few years. Kriging predictions strongly depend on the covariance function associated with the stochastic process under study. Therefore, the choice of such a covariance function, which is usually based on empirical covariance, is a core aspect in the prediction procedure. As the empirical covariance is not necessarily a permissible covariance function, it is necessary to fit a valid covariance model. Due to the complexity of these valid models in the spatio-temporal case, visualising them is of great help, at least when selecting the set of candidate models to represent the spatio-temporal dependencies suggested by the empirical covariogram. We focus on the visualisation of the most interesting stationary non-separable covariance functions and how they change as their main parameters take different values. We wrote a specialised code for visualisation purposes. In order to illustrate the usefulness of visualisation when choosing the appropriate non-separable spatio-temporal covariance model, we focus on an important pollution problem, namely the levels of carbon monoxide, in the city of Madrid, Spain.     

西北内陆河流域典型生态系统通量数据空间代表性研究

涡度通量数据的空间代表性问题是影响其数据质量不确定性的重要原因。选取了我国西北地区具有代表性的四个通量观测站生长季数据,采用FSAM模型对各站点通量贡献源区范围以及通量贡献最大值点进行了计算,给出了在不稳定与稳定两种大气层结条件下各站点源区的主要分布范围(P=80%):盈科站源区范围相对最小(90~200 m);阿柔站源区范围约为(120~140 m);关滩站源区范围约为(500~600 m);敦煌站源区范围约为(140~280 m)。同时结合各站点仪器架设高度以及不同的下垫面生态环境等因素,对通量源区的变化进行了初步分析,仪器的架设高度直接影响涡度源区范围;不同的下垫面生态环境形成不同的近地面湍流状态进而对通量源区的分布产生间接影响。结果表明各站点观测的通量信息基本均来源于所感兴趣的研究区域。     

226Ra and 228Ra in the seawater of the western Yellow Sea

1Introduction Therearefourradiumisotopesinnature,ofwhich224Ra,226Raand228Rahavebeenwidelyinvestigated inmarineresearch,butthespecificactivityof223Rais toolowtobemeasured,therefore,itsapplicationsarelimited(Moore,1969;Broeckeretal.,1976;KuandLin,1976;Nozak…