Mean and Temporal Variability in Kuroshio Geostrophic Transport South of Taiwan (1993–2001)

Observations of the Kuroshio south of Taiwan have been carried out on a quarterly basis since late 1992 as part of the basin-wide High Resolution expendable bathythermograph/expendable conductivity-temperature-depth (XBT/XCTD) network. Mean geostrophic transport in the Kuroshio, 0–800 m, from 34 cruises is 22.0 Sv ± 1.5, consistent with previous results from moorings and geostrophic calculations in the upstream Kuroshio region. The mean core of the current has speed about 90 cm s⁻¹ and is located close to Taiwan. At this location the Kuroshio appears to be confined mainly to the upper 700 m, and there is no evident tight recirculation of the current. Eddy variability is substantial, and large eddies can be seen propagating westward for thousands of kilometers in TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric data, impinging on the current and altering its structure and transport. The annual range in transport is about 8 Sv ± 6, with maximum in summer. Interannual variability is about 12 Sv ± 6, with transport maxima in 1995 and 2000 and a minimum in 1997–1998. Interannual variability in the upstream Kuroshio may be uncorrelated with that in the downstream region south of Japan, where the transport is much greater. Our quarterly sampling aliases high frequency variability of the current, and an improved boundary-current observation program would include more frequent transects and occasional deeper measurements. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

海洋底栖生物粒径谱的研究

生物粒径谱是生态系统的重要特征，反映生态系统结构和功能以及系统内部的动态联系，成为研究海洋生态系统的重要工具。本文综述了底栖生物粒径谱的基本理论以及研究进展。     

Structure and function of contemporary food webs on Arctic shelves: A panarctic comparison: The pelagic system of the Kara Sea – Communities and components of carbon flow

After a short introduction to the physical setting and the history of biological research the pelagic ecosystem of the Kara Sea is described. Main emphasis is on regional aspects of the plankton communities and their seasonal dynamics using mostly data collected between 1996 and 2001. In the zooplankton, for which most data were available, four regional aggregations were separated: (1) the rivers and estuaries of the Southern Kara Sea, (2) the south-western and (3) the central Kara Sea, and (4) the northern troughs and slope. The phytoplankton communities had a similar distribution. To provide components for detailed carbon budgets the regional dynamics of bacterial, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and production are described and carbon requirements of bacteria and zooplankton are estimated. For completeness a short literature review on higher trophic levels is included. Finally, recent observations of the pelago-benthic coupling are considered. Estimates of the carbon requirements from the plankton and benthos reveal a large underestimation of primary production, which to date, together with seasonal aspects, shows the largest gap in our knowledge.     

多情景模拟下粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务评估与权衡研究

城镇化快速发展导致区域的生态系统服务衰减,威胁城市的生态安全;掌握城市群地区生态系统服务权衡/协同关系量化,对提升生态系统服务总体效益和维护区域生态安全至关重要。以粤港澳大湾区为研究区域,利用InVEST模型对粤港澳大湾区1995—2018年间产水服务、固碳服务、土壤保持服务、食物供给服务共4项生态系统服务进行评估,设定历史趋势情景、规划情景和生态保护情景,借助GeoSOS-FLUS模型进行2030年生态系统服务情景分析,探讨各种生态系统服务之间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明：① 1995—2018年间,粤港澳大湾区产水服务出现增加趋势,固碳服务、土壤保持服务和食物供给服务出现下降趋势。② 不同类型生态系统服务变化存在明显的区域异质性,产水服务高值区域其值增大,低值区域其值减小;固碳服务低值区域,其值下降更大;除香港外,土壤保持量减小的区域呈零星状分布;食物供给高值及减小的最大值位于东莞、佛山、中山和深圳等中部区域。③ 产水服务在规划情景下达到最佳,固碳服务和土壤保持服务在生态保护情景下最佳,历史趋势情景下食物供给服务最佳,生态系统服务综合效益在生态保护情景下达到最佳。④ 历史趋势情景下生态系统服务之间的权衡程度最大,生态保护情景下各项生态系统服务之间的协同程度较高。基于生态耦合模型进行粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务估算,揭示生态系统服务权衡或协同的变化关系及作用机理,可为区域生态系统服务管理和社会经济发展规划提供参考。     

水生生态系统中汞-硒相互作用研究进展

甲基汞是汞存在于水生生态系统(水体、沉积物和水生生物)毒性最强的形态,并通过食物链的传递对生物体产生危害,因此有效控制汞的甲基化过程是汞环境化学和毒理学研究的重要课题。生物体内硒对汞的甲基化过程有明显的抑制作用,明确汞和硒在水生生态系统的形态特征以及汞-硒相互作用机制,有助于解决汞污染问题。汞在生物体内的毒性与生物体内硒含量紧密相关,汞与硒相之间的相互作用主要表现在生成不溶的化合物促使汞去甲基化或受生物体内硒相关酶抑制被直接排除于生物体外,从而抑制了汞的毒害作用。本文评述了汞、硒在水生生态系统中的形态特征,指出在水体中合理添加硒化合物可抑制无机汞在生物体内甲基化过程,深入研究生物体内汞和硒相互作用机制及其生理效应是该领域未来发展方向。     

Corel DRAW在测井报告成图中的应用

采用CLGIS软件的测井资料由于其输出格式及种类的局限性限制,不能同时把测井成果图做在一张图纸上．为此利用Corel DRAW平面设计软件中的VISUAL basic语言编制了测井曲线绘制程序,解决了clgis出图单一的问题,并且可以将勘探线剖面上的多条测井曲线绘制于一张图上。具有操作简单,易学,制图速度快,使用灵活等特点,在吉林省重点勘探项目上得以应用,取得好的效果,受到地质报告评审专家们的好评。     

长江流域湿地生态系统健康评价

长江流域水资源丰富,农业开发历史悠久,是我国重要的粮、棉、油和水产基地。伴随着农业开发与工业、城市快速发展,长江流域湿地保护面临一系列问题:围湖造田和城市化导致天然湿地面积减少,湿地功能减弱,水质污染严重,湿地生态环境退化,湿地资源过度和不合理利用,造成生物多样性下降。因此,在长江流域开展湿地生态健康状况研究很有必要。根据长江流域湿地生态系统的特点,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,建立包含压力、状态、响应3大类共14个指标的生态系统健康评价指标体系。以Globe Land30土地覆盖数据和社会经济统计等数据为基础,结合层次分析法对长江流域2000年和2010年湿地进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:1)从2000年到2010年长江流域湿地生态健康状况略微下降,2000年长江流域平均湿地生态健康指数是0.478,2010年的为0.475;2)2000年和2010年长江流域湿地生态健康指数中游的下游的上游的,湿地生态健康状况较差的区域主要分布在西北部和以重庆、武汉和上海为主的三大经济中心;3)从行政区平均健康水平来看,从2000年到2010年,江西省和福建省的湿地生态健康状况有所好转,而云南省、广西省、贵州省和重庆市受2010年干旱影响,湿地生态健康状况有所下降。     

喀斯特和非喀斯特区农业景观格局变化及生态 系统服务价值变化对比——以广西全州县为例

选取广西壮族自治区典型喀斯特丘陵盆地——全州县为研究区,根据景观格局和生态系统服务价值相关理论,采用2005、2010和2015年TM遥感影像的解译结果及社会经济统计数据,借助ArcGIS和Fragstats软件,对比分析了2005―2015年全州县喀斯特区和非喀斯特区的农业景观格局和生态系统服务价值变化,结果显示：1）2005―2015年间全州县农业景观格局发生明显变化,但喀斯特区和非喀斯特区优势景观类型均未发生变化。2）10年间农业景观用地面积喀斯特区减少了472.23 hm2,非喀斯特区减少了476.28 hm2,但喀斯特区的减少率高于非喀斯特区;喀斯特区比非喀斯特区景观更加破碎,斑块形状更加分散、复杂,景观异质程度更高。3）研究期内喀斯特区生态系统服务价值减少0.01亿元,非喀斯特区生态系统服务价值增加0.04亿元。其中,有林地的减少对2个区域生态系统服务价值减少的贡献率均为最大,喀斯特区达到78%,非喀斯特区达到83%,水域景观的增加导致2个区域生态系统服务价值增加。     

Evaluation Methods and Research Trends for Ecological Carrying Capacity

With the intensive research into global coupling relationships, ecological carrying capacity (ECC), seen as the crucial link between natural ecosystems and human systems, has gradually become an important tool for interdisciplinary research in ecology, resources science and environmental science, as well as for research on regional sustainable development. However, ECC research remains immature and lacks a complete theoretical system, as a result of many limiting factors and different space-time conditions. At present, Chinese and foreign studies focus on methods to evaluate ECC while neglecting to identify the internal driving mechanisms of ECC. In this article, based on the development and conceptualization of ECC, we introduce three evaluation methods for ECC: ecological footprint (EF), human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and ecosystem services consumption (ESC). Furthermore, we illuminate research focuses and developmental directions for ECC with respect to driving mechanisms, threshold, comprehensive evaluation systems and coupling dynamic model of multi ecological factors, in order to provide a reference for future ECC research.