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地球初期壳幔演化的物理过程

原始地幔处于全球性的高温熔融状态,其上层的冷却演化过程可大致分为3个阶段：高熔点矿物结晶沉降阶段、岩浆不混溶阶段和固化成壳阶段。在此过程中,原始地幔逸出挥发性物质,形成了地球的超临界流体圈。通过岩浆不混溶作用所形成的富Si—Al质岩浆最终固化为原始大陆壳。超临界流体圈的分解,分别形成酸性H2O圈和CO2大气圈。     

利用球近似大地坐标系统表示变形点位移量的可行性研究

利用站心直角坐标系 (Ne、Ee、Ue)与大地坐标系 (B、L、H )之间的转换关系 ,从理论上证明了利用球近似大地坐标系统所表示的形变量 (Jm、Wm、Gm)与利用监测点的站心直角坐标所表示的形变量 (ΔNe、Δ Ee、ΔUe)的差异不超过总体变形量的 2 / 2 98,并给出了具体的实例加以说明 ,从而得出结论 :在小变形情况下 ,利用球近似大地坐标系统来表示监测点的形变量是可行的。     

地面沉降研究中的越流抽水试验

本文利用大型抽水试验的资料,针对上海地面沉降的主要因素—人工抽汲地下水中的越流问题进行研究。首次提出了“起始越流水位差”及“越流圈”等概念,并由此推导出上覆弱透水层的越流补给公式。     

Scattering ofP andS waves by a spherically symmetric inclusion

Scattering of an arbitrary elastic wave incident upon a spherically symmetric inclusion is considered and solutions are developed in terms of the spherical vector system of Petrashen, which produces results in terms of displacements rather than displacement potentials and in a form suitable for accurate numerical computations. Analytical expressions for canonical scattering coefficients are obtained for both the cases of incidentP waves and incidentS waves. Calculations of energy flux in the scattered waves lead to elastic optical theorems for bothP andS waves, which relate the scattering cross sections to the amplitude of the scattered fields in the forward direction. The properties of the solutions for a homogeneous elastic sphere, a sphere filled by fluid, and a spherical cavity are illustrated with scattering cross sections that demonstrate important differences between these types of obstacles. A general result is that the frequency dependence of the scattering is defined by the wavelength of the scattered wave rather than the wavelength of the incident wave. This is consistent with the finding that the intensity of thePS scattering is generally much stronger than theSP scattering. When averaged over all scattering angles, the mean intensity of thePS converted waves is2V _p ² /V _s ⁴ times the mean intensity of theSP converted waves, and this ratio is independent of frequency. The exact solutions reduce to simple and easily used expressions in the case of the low frequency (Rayleigh) approximation and the low contrast (Rayleigh-Born) approximation. The case of energy absorbing inclusions can also be obtained by assigning complex values to the elastic parameters, which leads to the result that an increase in attenuation within the inclusion causes an increased scattering cross section with a marked preference for scatteredS waves. The complete generality of the results is demonstrated by showing waves scattered by the earth's core in the time domain, an example of high-frequency scattering that reveals a very complex relationship between geometrical arrivals and diffracted waves.     

一种高精度星载导航星库的构建方法

在选用高精度基本星表的基础上,分析了导航星的选取方法及其分布特征。为了利用导航星的观测位置信息,给出了从星表平位置到星心视位置的高精度转换方法。基于分区法制定了导航星库,并给出了存储及读取方法,对该星库的访问具有简单、快速、占用资源少等优点,适合星载使用。     

Eco-water conveyances applied to control desertification at the lower reaches of the Tarim River

The lower reaches of the Tarim River are one of the areas suffering from most severe sandy desertification in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Irrational utilization of water and land resources results in eco-environmental deterioration in the Tarim River. In May 2000, the local government carried out the water conveyances project in the Tarim River. The influence of water conveyance on desertification reversion is analyzed and discussed according to the monitoring data in the past three years. Based on monitored data of the nine observed sections, along the channel of conveyance, the intensity and scope of desertification reversion in the upper reaches are larger than those in the lower reaches. Dynamic changes of desertification reversion are more obvious from the channel of conveyance to its two sides. However, the range of influence and intensity of desertification reversion is limited at present. It is suggested that the way and range of water conveyances should be adjusted in the future.     

地理科学研究的理论和实践———以长江三角洲为例

地理科学系统研究人类与自然（环境）间的相互关系和相互作用，从全球变化的高度进行研究，自全新世以来，把人类作为与各自然圈层的总和相对等的一个圈层。因此，在研究框架图式中，在IGBPⅡ图式之外，增加了一个人类圈，并以人类圈作为中心，表示人类圈与各自然圈层间的相互关系和相互作用。把中国地理科学系统研究与国际全球变化研究联接起来，使中国地理科学走向世界，这些就是地理科学系统理论的创新之处。在实践中，我们先对长江三角洲地区进行详细研究，拟出许多具体研究课题，提出研究时应遵循的一些原则。如图 2所示，根据地理科学系统理论研究长江三角洲，其最终目的就是对该地区可持续发展提供科学依据。但长江三角洲可持续发展已是一个独立的重大科研项目，已由中国科学院进行研究，故在此仅做简略评述。     

“生态水层与生态水”概念及研究意义

“生态水层”与“生态水”概念是针对植被在水文循环中所起的重要作用而提出,是水文地质研究向生态环境研究的拓宽。它的研究将可能对水文循环的系统量化研究、降水分配量化研究以及环境保护研究产生重要影响。