PALEOMAGNETIC EVIDENCE FOR THE RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN THE SOUTH CHINA BLOCK AND INDOCHINA BLOCK

The Mesozoic paleomagnetic pole positions from the Indochina block and South China block are not consistent with each other in that the formers are displaced with respect to the latters westward in longitude and southward in latitude. The displacement is here interpreted as to be related to the India-Eurasia collision in such a way that after the collision the Indochina block was rotated clockwise by 8° about the Assam syntaxis, followed by an eastward translation of the South China bl..     

Fault geometries illuminated from seismicity in central Taiwan: Implications for crustal scale structural boundaries in the northern Central Range

Data sets of collapsed earthquake locations, earthquake focal mechanisms, GPS velocities and geologic data are integrated to constrain the geometry and kinematics of a crustal block within the accreted continental margin rocks of Taiwan's northeastern Central Range. This block is laterally extruding and exhuming towards the north-northeast. The block is bound on the west-southwest by the previously recognized Sanyi–Puli seismic zone and on the east by a vertical seismic structure that projects to the eastern mountain front of the Central Range. Focal mechanisms from the Broadband Array of Taiwan Seismicity (BATS) catalog consistently show west-side-up reverse displacements for this fault zone. A second vertical structure is recognized beneath the Slate Belt–Metamorphic Belt boundary as a post-Chi-Chi relaxation oblique normal fault. BATS focal mechanisms show east-side-up, normal displacements with a minor left-lateral component. The vertical and lateral extrusion of this crustal block may be driven by the current collision between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Puli basement high indenter on the Eurasian Plate and/or trench rollback along the Ryukyu subduction zone. In addition, the vertical extent of the two shear zones suggests that a basal décollement below the eastern Central Range is deeper than previously proposed and may extend below the brittle–ductile transition.     

小江断裂带巧家段晚第四纪走滑速率研究

鲜水河-小江左旋走滑断裂系是调节青藏高原东南部物质向东南挤出的大型边界断裂。云南巧家断裂作为小江断裂带北段,其晚第四纪走滑速率是认识川滇地块东部边界应变调节方式的关键。本文利用无人机航摄和地面激光扫描技术,获取了该断裂段穿过金沙江河谷区红路和蒙姑两处的高分辨率地形数据,恢复出断层错动T2和T3两期阶地陡坎上缘的左旋位错量分别为120±5～128±1 m和193±1～202±1 m。根据T3中次生碳酸盐的AMS-¹⁴C法测年结果,结合已有的类似阶地年龄数据,并经气候曲线校正后认为,区域上T2和T3被废弃应分别发生在冰后期和末次盛冰期末期,时间为8.5～11.2 ka BP和18.6～21.4 ka BP。据此估算,小江断裂带巧家段的晚第四纪平均走滑速率为10～13 mm/a。进一步统计分析小江断裂带的晚第四纪走滑速率,发现巧家至宜良以北的段落,总体保持着10～15 mm/a的高走滑速率。但从宜良向南,断裂走滑速率出现了分段递减的特征,至建水以南快速减小到中-北段的近十分之一。小江断裂带中-北段的高走滑速率以及向南的分段式递减现象,反映在宜良以北,小江断裂带的走滑剪切...     

Dissociation of gas hydrates by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation-derived slope failures: An example from the South China Sea

The mechanism of slope failure associated with overpressure that is caused by hydrocarbon migration and accumulation remains unclear. High-resolution seismic data and gas hydrate drilling data collected from the Shenhu gas hydrate field (site SH5) offer a valuable opportunity to study the relations between submarine slope failure and hydrocarbon accumulation and flow that is associated with a ～2 km-diameter gas chimney developed beneath site SH5 where none gas hydrates had been recovered by drilling and sampling despite the presence of distinct bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) and favorable gas hydrate indication. The mechanism of submarine slope failure resulted from buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation which were caused by overpressure from a ～1100 m-high gas column in a gas chimney was studied via numerical simulation. The ～9.55 MPa overpressure caused by hydrocarbons that migrated through the gas chimney and then accumulated beneath subsurface gas hydrate-bearing impermeable sediments. This may have resulted in a submarine slope failure, which disequilibrated the gas hydrate-bearing zone and completely decomposed the gas hydrate once precipitated at site SH5. Before the gas hydrate decomposition, the largely impermeable sediments overlying the gas chimney may have undergone a major upward deformation due to the buoyancy extrusion of the overpressure in the gas chimney, and slope failure was initiated from plastic strain of the sediments and reduced internal strength. Slope failure subsequently resulted in partial gas hydrate decomposition and sediment permeability increase. The pressurized gas in the gas chimney may have diffused into the overlying sediments controlled by seepage-derived deformation, causing an effective stress reduction at the base of the sediments and significant plastic deformation. This may have formed a new cycle of submarine slope failure and finally the total gas hydrate dissociation. The modeling results of buoyancy extrusion and seepage-derived deformation of the overpressure in the gas chimney would provide new understanding in the development of submarine slope failure and the link between slope failure and gas hydrate accumulation and dissociation.     

1997/1998年厄尔尼诺期间西太平洋热带对流区的东移

1997年5月至1998年春季,发生了本世纪以来最强的厄尔尼诺事件.全球许多地区的天气气候出现了显着的异常特征,并诱发了一系列的旱、涝及森林大火等重大灾害,引起了许多国家政府和社会各界的高度关注.厄尔尼诺事件的成因和影响是一个十分复杂的问题,尽管自1950年以来已先后出现过10多次,气象和海洋学家对此也作了大量研究,但迄今对它的认识依然相当有限.对它的成因,近些年来许多研究认为[1,2]:赤道东太平洋的强偏东信风,将洋面表层暖水吹向西太平洋赤道地区堆积形成暖池;由于某种原因,一旦偏东信风张驰(减弱),导致暖池中位能释放,暖水向东回流,赤道东太平洋洋面温度(SST)异常升高,厄尔尼诺发生.     

华北板块东部中生代构造变形与盆地格局

华北板块东部印支和燕山期构造演化差异、盆地分布格局变迁及其空间叠合关系是中国东部构造变化的结果。中生代期间，郯庐断裂带应对应依兰—舒兰断裂带，它们与兰考—聊城—盐山—台安—大洼—敦化—密山断裂带呈共轭关系。两断裂带将华北板块东部分割为多个三角块体，三角块体的构造演化与陆内壳下拆沉和壳内挤出逃逸构造有关，并控制了华北东部燕山期高原隆升及岩石圈减薄、郯庐左行走滑机制及其两侧反对称盆地格局和挤压与伸展型盆地共存的现象。     

川滇块体的侧向挤出问题

基于活动断裂长期平均滑动速率和GPS观测结果计算所得的中国大陆活动地块运动矢量图 ,认为青藏高原存在向东侧向挤出 ,但达不到“大陆逃逸”假说所设想的规模。高原挤出的南边界可能由一组断续、分散的右旋走滑断裂承担 ,而不像是连续、单一的喀喇昆仑 -嘉黎 -红河断裂带的样式 ,而且滑动速率较低。川滇地块是高原侧向挤出最突出的块体 ,它向南南东方向较强的挤出可能与川滇地区岩石圈强度的差异有关。     

苏鲁高压—超高压变质带的折返构造及折返机制

苏鲁高压—超高压变质带的折返构造是由韧性剪切叠覆构造岩片组成,具NWW-SEE向剪切矢量及SEE向NWW的剪切指向,与折返构造伴随的高压和超高压退变质反应过程与石英从高温—中温—低温的组构模式吻合。150～100Ma期间的伸展事件包含了北界韧性伸展转换性剪切带及莱阳盆地的形成、苏鲁高压—超高压变质带北部花岗岩侵位、折返面理弯曲形成背形构造及伴随的韧—脆性正滑构造。多学科的综合研究表明,240～220Ma扬子板块巨量物质往北深俯冲于北中国板块之下,220～200Ma高压—超高压变质岩石整体快速折返,折返板片中保存的自上而下变质岩石单元序列与剪切叠覆构造岩片的物质组成序列基本一致。提出苏鲁高压—超高压变质折返板片呈上拱的舌形体,变形分解表明苏鲁高压—超高压变质板片是在“挤出”机制下折返及受后期伸展事件的改造。     

东喜马拉雅构造结陆内变形过程的研究

在东喜马拉雅构造结识别出“南向挤出”与“北向楔入”两大构造。前者包括倾向北、头朝南的一条正断层和两条分别被称为上部和下部的逆冲断层。南迦巴瓦和派乡杂岩借助这些断层从北部的冈底斯构造单元之下向南折返至地表附近。后者包括一个北东走向的推覆体和两个北北东走向、南倾的低角度推覆体,将东久、南迦巴、派乡等杂岩又北(东)向楔入冈底斯构造单元之中。独居石TIMSU-Th-Pb测年表明“南向挤出”构造中的正断层和下部逆冲断层可能分别在7.9Ma、10.7Ma时活动。锆石SHRIMP与金云母K-Ar测年结果限定上部逆冲断层活动时限介于6.2±0.2Ma和5.5±0.2Ma之间,即“南向挤出"中的上、下两条逆冲断层为逆序的逆冲断层。锆石SHRIMP和角闪石Ar-Ar测年还表明东喜马拉雅构造结核心部位的“北向楔入”很可能发生于3.0Ma和1.5Ma之间。     

南秦岭构造带中段晚中生代陆内变形特征与侧向挤出构造

南秦岭构造带位于秦岭造山带南部,在中生代时期经历了复杂的陆内变形过程。在晚中生代阶段,南秦岭构造带内发育一系列平行造山带的走滑断裂带。目前对于这些走滑断裂带不同构造位置的变形特征、变形叠加关系以及动力学机制等方面的认识并不充分。构造研究显示,南秦岭构造带内的宁陕断裂和安康断裂均发育大量平行于断裂带的A型褶皱群和近水平的拉伸线理,表明南秦岭构造带经历了以走滑剪切变形为主的构造阶段。运动学特征表明,宁陕断裂以左行剪切变形为主,而安康断裂则以右行变形为特征。选择典型岩石样品进行同位素测年来限定断裂活动的时代,其中:宁陕断裂带内同构造花岗岩脉的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果为（186.0±4.0） Ma;安康断裂带内云母矿物的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar定年结果为161.2~173.5 Ma。虽然宁陕断裂和安康断裂的运动方向不同,但是同位素年代学研究限定了两条断裂发生走滑变形的时间都是早-中侏罗世,从而共同构成了南秦岭构造带中间块体整体向东挤出的构造特征。同时也表明,相互碰撞的大陆在碰撞之后将很快转变为以平行造山带侧向挤出和走滑位移为主的陆内变形演化阶段。