Structural Evolution of the Eastern Margin of Eurasia in Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic

This paper features the structural evolution of the eastern margin of Eurasia in Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic.It is characterized by three stages of development: the riftogenic stage (Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), the platform stage (Late Cretaceous) and the neotectonic one (Paleogene-Quarternary). The boundaries between these stages are distinctly fixed by the geological time limits of planetary range. It is demonstrated that the riftogenic and neotectonic stages were characterized by a high degree of geodynamic activity, and the platform one by a decrease in contrast of tectonic movements. The main river net was formed in the Early Cretaceous and in the Neogene. It experienced a serious reconstruction accompanied by the formation of the Amur River valley being similar to the modem one.     

Runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed of the Loess Plateau,China

Afforestation has been suggested as a means of improving soil and water conservation in north‐western China, especially on the Loess Plateau. Understanding of the hydrological responses to afforestation will help us develop sustainable watershed management strategies. A study was conducted during the period of 1956 to 1980 to evaluate runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed on the Loess Plateau with an area of 1·15 km², using a paired watershed approach. Deciduous trees, including locust (locusta L.), apricot (praecox L.) and elm (ulmus L.), were planted on about 80% of a treated watershed, while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged. It was estimated that cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 32% as a result of afforestation. A significant trend was also observed that shows annual runoff reduction increases with the age of the trees planted. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September, which was ascribed to greater rainfall and utilization by trees during this period. Afforestation also resulted in reduction in the volume and peak flow of storm runoff events in the treated watershed with greater reduction in peak flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Motive force of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau moving to east

A calculation formula on spherical pattern of Qinghai-Tibet plateau moving model is established. Tibet massif moves norward by east in speed of 28 mm/a, Ganshu-Qinghai massif moves to northeast in speed of 15 mm/a, Qomolangma Feng moves northward by a few east in speed of 35 ～42 mm/a. The low latitude perimeter is longer than the nigh latitude perimeter. When the Tibet massif moves northward, its latitude perimeter must be contracted and the Tibet massif must move eastward by Coriolis. Coriolis force is inertial in earth rotation. It makes the fall body turning to east and the rising block turning westward. In the Northern Hemisphere, it makes the northward body turning to east and the southward block turning to west.This is the reason why the tectonic zones of western Pacific are different from those of eastern Pacific.     

青藏高原西部赛利普中新世火山岩源区:地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素制约

青藏高原拉萨地块西部赛利普地区新生代火山岩依据主量元素可划分为超钾质、钾质和钙碱性系列,主要的岩石类型为粗面安山岩、粗面岩,一个超钾质岩石的40Ar-39Ar年龄为17.58Ma,指示出火山活动为中新世.超钾质、钾质和钙碱性火山岩都显示出富集LREE及LILE(Th、U)、亏损HFSE(Nb、Ta、Ti)的特征.超钾质火山岩具有较高的K2O(6.31%～8.55%)、MgO(6.75%～8.96%)、Cr(270.7×10-6～460.4×10-6)、Ni(142.3×10-6～233.9×10-6)含量,较高的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.71883～0.72732)和较低的εNd(-14.78～-15.37),指示可能起源于一个前期亏损并经后期俯冲作用改造的富钾的方辉橄榄岩富集地幔源区.钾质火山岩具有比超钾质火山岩低的K2O、MgO、Cr、Ni含量以及高的Ba、Sr含量,初始87Sr/86Sr为0.71553～0.71628,初始143Nd/144Nd为0.51197～0.51198,在空间上与超钾质火山岩共生,可能是前者母岩浆的演化产物.钙碱性火山岩具有较高的Sr(881.7×10-6～1309.2×10-6)、Sr/Y比值(50～108)和较低的Y(12.05×10-6～18.02×10-6),明显亏损重稀土Yb(0.93×10-6～1.30×10-6),类似于典型的埃达克质岩成分特征但相对高钾,并具有相对低的(87Sr/86Sr);(0.70928～0.71374)以及高的εNd(-7.90～-10.91),指示起源于富钾增厚下地壳物质的部分熔融.区域上拉萨地块超钾质岩、钾质岩与N-S向地堑系在空间上共存、时间上相吻合,由此本文认为拉萨地块中新世钾质.超钾质岩和南北向地堑系的形成可能与中新世早期北向俯冲的印度大陆岩石圈断离有关.     

拉萨地体东南缘的多期深熔作用及动力学

位于青藏高原班公湖-怒江蛇绿岩带与印度-雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带之间拉萨地体东南缘的前寒武纪结晶基底经历了角闪岩相-麻粒岩相区域变质作用和强烈的混合岩化.研究区可识别出两期深熔作用,第一期为斜长角闪岩部分熔融形成的花岗闪长岩脉体,其与围岩一起发生了变质与变形再造,转变成了黑云斜长片麻岩.第二期为含夕线石石榴石片麻岩部分熔融形成的含石榴石斜长石花岗岩脉体.岩石化学成分显示,第一期深熔脉体具有埃达克岩的典型地球化学特征,其SiO2=63.81%,Al2O3=16,92%,MgO=1.86%,Na2O=4.22%,K2O=1.81%,K2O/Na2O=0.43,并显示出LREE富集、无Eu异常的BEE配分模型,同时明显富Sr(366×10-6),贫Y(12×10-6)和Yb(0.4×10-6),Sr/Y=30.舍石榴石斜长石花岗岩主要由斜长石、石英和石榴石组成,含少量白云母和黑云母,其全岩SiO2=71.14%,Al2O3=14.26%,K2O=0.26%,Na2O=2.79%.CaO=2.94%.过铝指数A/CNK=1.40,为典型的过铝花岗岩.黑云斜长片麻岩脉体中的大多数锆石具有同心韵律状结晶环带和较高的Th//U比值(0.433～1.167),为典型的岩浆结晶锆石.锆石岩浆结晶域U-Pb原位定年给出了64.0±1.0Ma(MSWD=8.7)加权平均年龄;个别锆石变质交生边给出了27.9 Ma的谐和年龄,同时具有较低的Th/U比值(0.019),应代表后期叠加的变质热事件年龄.含石榴石斜长石花岗岩中的锆石均发育同心韵律状环带,而且具有较高的Th/U比值(0.196～1.212).所获得的谐和年龄在27.0～34.1Ma之间(加权平均年龄为29.3±0.9 Ma),应代表过铝花岗岩的结晶年龄.因此,我们认为拉萨地体东南缘变质基底在古近纪经历了两期深熔作用,第一期发生在约65Ma,在特提斯洋壳俯冲和印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞的动力学体制下,拉萨地体下地壳加厚和升温,发生了麻粒岩相变质和部分熔融,形成了埃达克岩质的花岗闪长岩浆;第二期混合岩化作用发生在约30Ma,在印度板块与拉萨地体碰撞后伸展的动力学体制下,高角闪岩相泥质变质岩中的含水矿物脱水熔融形成了过铝质花岗闪长岩浆.     

川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中粘土矿物的类型及成因

对川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中的粘土矿物进行野外采样和室内X射线衍射分析,结果表明,这些粘土矿物主要由规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石组成,其中1个样品可能舍有少量不规则混层绿泥石-蒙脱石等粘土矿物。总地看来．该界线粘土层中的规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石中伊利石层的含量自下而上呈现减少的趋势,平均含量约83％,所经历的最大古地温在125-150℃之间。这些粘土矿物的构成和特征与前人在华南其他地区相同层位取得的成果总体上具有较好的一致性．显示了该粘土层成因的相同性及所具有的等时意义。不同地区粘土矿物构成的差异性（如高岭石的存在与含量）可能与二叠系／三叠系界线不整合的存在与否或间断时间有关,规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石的混层比则与埋藏历史和沉积-沉积期后的流体介质有关。     

冈底斯带东段鲁朗-墨脱地区中新世花岗岩的地球化学、年代学及成因

冈底斯东段的鲁朗-色季拉和墨脱-崩崩拉一带花岗岩的岩石类型主要为二长花岗岩、黑云母花岗岩、花岗闪长岩、石英闪长岩等。墨脱花岗岩的K—Ar年龄为19-22Ma;鲁朗花岗岩的^40Ar—^39Mr年龄为14-18Ma。岩石地球化学研究结果表明,本区花岗岩主要属于高钾钙碱性系列和钙碱性系列,同时具有某些埃达克岩的特征,表现为高SiO2（65．60％-76．40％）、Al2O3（12．32%-17．23％）、Sr／Y（2．41-86．46）、（La／Yb）。（6．65-56．14）比值,低Y（4．23×10^-6-39．40×10^-6）等特点。呈典型的LREE和LILE富集型分配模式．Eu为正到弱负异常。本区中新世花岗岩主要来源于中下陆壳的硅铝质成分和镁铁质成分的重熔,不同于具埃达克岩成分的冈底斯中新世含矿花岗斑岩。以中新世花岗岩侵位为标志,东喜马拉雅构造结地区的初始伸展可能在22Ma左右,早于冈底斯中段（20Ma左右）。     

洛川黄土-红粘土序列铁氧化物组成及其古气候指示

对洛川黄土、古土壤和红粘土中磁性矿物组成、成因和相关系进行了研究。结果表明:黄土磁性矿物以风尘磁铁矿为主,少量的成土赤铁矿和成土磁赤铁矿;古土壤磁性矿物以成土磁赤铁矿为主,成土赤铁矿次之,少量的风尘磁铁矿和赤铁矿;红粘土磁性矿物以成土赤铁矿为主,风尘磁铁矿和成土磁赤铁矿次之,少量风尘赤铁矿。黄土、古土壤和红粘土磁性矿物组成差异,反映了其形成期不同的古气候特性以及不同气候条件下生物地球化学作用强度的差异。干冷的冰期,黄土弱成土作用形成了以粗颗粒的风尘磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边的磁化率载体。间冰期的温暖湿润的古气候最有利于生物活动,强烈生物活动导致古土壤中大量纳米超细磁赤铁矿/磁铁矿产生,形成以磁赤铁矿为主,风尘磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边为辅的磁化率载体。红粘土成壤期,强降雨强蒸发的长干短湿的高温炎热的古气候使得红粘土化学风化强烈,生物地球化学活动较弱,形成以磁铁矿核 赤铁矿边和磁赤铁矿核 赤铁矿边的磁化率载体。黄土、古土壤和红粘土磁性矿物组成、磁性矿物相关系是其形成期独特的古气候指示。     

东菲律宾海深水铁锰结壳发育站位沉积物的粒度及黏土矿物学特征

大洋铁锰结壳是潜在的重要海洋资源,多年来世界各国对此已作了大量调查.传统意义上的铁锰结壳均分布于3000m水深以浅的海山基岩上.中国科学院海洋研究所在对东菲律宾海的地质调查中采集到大量褐黑色深水铁锰结壳.在300多个站位的取样中,在44个站位采集到结壳样品,可见结壳在研究区的分布较为广泛.该结壳发育于4000~5000m水深的致密至半固结沉积物的表层,厚度一般为2~3cm,最厚可达7cm.结壳为板(层)状.