地震剖面中走滑断层旋向判断模型——以塔东阿拉干北断层为例

地震剖面解释中尚无走滑断层旋向的直接判别标志,本文提出了一个在地震剖面解释中直接判断走滑断层旋向的模型。该模型假定断层作用前既存的某个地层厚度有变化,则垂直或斜交地层厚度变化方向的走滑断层必定在穿过断层的地震剖面中两盘地层厚度不等。确定了地层厚度变化方向,又测定了剖面中两盘地层厚度,则走滑断层的旋向就可以唯一地确定下来。穿过塔里木盆地东部阿拉干北右行走滑断层的地震剖面资料证实了这一模型的适用性。     

Occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal surface microlayer

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in the coastal sea surface microlayer (SML), the sub-surface waters (SSW) and the overlying atmosphere in order to investigate the influence of the SML on contaminant enrichment and air-sea exchange. Samples were collected at two contrasting locations of the NW Mediterranean, one urban influenced (off Barcelona, Spain) and another comparatively clean (off Banyuls-sur-Mer, France). Statistical data analysis confirmed the accumulation of PAHs in the SML with respect to the SSW (20.3+/-9.1 vs. 13.1+/-10.0 ng L(-1) in the dissolved phase; 709+/-207 vs. 158+/-111 ng g(-1) in the particulate phase). This accumulation was higher at the contaminated location (Barcelona station) compared with the more pristine one, with PAH enrichments 1.5 and 4.5 times higher for the dissolved and particulate phases, respectively, indicating that the enrichment of PAHs in the SML is dominated by particle transport processes.     

模拟氮沉降对三江平原湿地小叶章生物量及分配的影响

在非淹水、淹水两种水分条件下模拟氮沉降变化(分别相当于氮沉降0 g/(m2 ·a)、1g/(m2·a)、3g/(m2 ·a)、5g/(m2 ·a))对三江平原典型湿地植物小叶章生物量及其分配的影响.结果表明,不同水分状况下氮沉降均促进小叶章生物量的积累,且以N5水平下生物量增加最多(p＜0.05).小叶章各器官生物量增长程度对氮沉降的响应并不一致:非淹水条件下根生物量平均增长最大(54.5％),其次是叶(31％)、茎(19.2％);淹水条件下小叶章各部位的生物量增长更为显著,其中根生物量平均增长124.7％,叶、茎生物量分别增长62％和61.1％.氮沉降明显促进了根生物量的积累,提高根生物量的分配比例.生长季的氮沉降对于改变湿地的营养状况、刺激植物生长具有直接的生态意义.     

Securing the Neoliberal City: Discourses of Creativity and Priority Neighborhoods in Toronto,Canada

This paper examines the convergence between the discourse of the creative city and the discourse on priority neighborhoods within urban policy imaginaries in Toronto, Canada. In particular, it examines the development of a number of arts programs targeted at low-income neighborhoods in the city. The twin objectives of these programs are to (a) foster creative and entrepreneurial subjectivities among “at-risk” youth, and (b) reduce the risk of violence that is presumed to be associated with youths living in poor neighborhoods. The paper analyzes how these two discourses are intertwined in a neoliberal politics devoted to enhancing regional quality-of-life competitiveness and to branding Toronto as an attractive creative-class destination. [Key words: creative city, poverty, low-income neighborhoods, neoliberalism, Toronto.]     

Classification of washover dynamics in barrier islands

This study systematically classifies washover dynamics with reference to coastal changes along the Ria Formosa barrier islands (Southern Portugal). Identification of washovers using a sequence of 11 sets of aerial photographs dated between 1947 and 2001 allowed a classification to be developed based on: (1) overwash evolution (increasing, decreasing, or constant overwash processes); (2) the mechanisms promoting washover formation (exceptional to infrequent oceanographic conditions, washout processes, structural erosion, inlet dynamics, and human interventions); and (3) the mechanisms promoting washover cessation (berm development, structural erosion, dune development, inlet dynamics, and human interventions). A total of 369 different washovers were observed along the Ria Formosa barriers during the study period, with 209 washovers being formed in various types of dune morphology and 303 being obliterated. The number of washovers was relatively stable from 1947 to 1972, and increased dramatically between 1972 and 1976 probably as a result of the development of immature inlet margins and downdrift starvation. From 1976 to 2001, washover occurrences declined and their spatial dimensions decreased, leading to a decrease in overwash activity over this time. Overall, the dominant formation mechanisms of washovers in the Ria Formosa were inlet dynamics (accounting for 57% of washovers formed) and structural erosion (20%), with human intervention mechanisms accounting for 12%. The cessation of washovers was dominated by dune development (33% of the washovers obliterated) followed by inlet dynamics (24%) and structural erosion (19%), while human intervention mechanisms accounted for 13%. The classification should be of use for the coastal management of barrier systems including the definition of overwash-prone areas and the determination of the relative importance of the mechanisms contributing to washover formation and cessation.     

中国东部岩石圈地幔的富化和置换过程

中国东部大陆主要由华北和华南两个古老地块在早中生代沿秦岭-大别-苏鲁造山带拼合形成,在显生宙特别是晚中生代时,东部大陆特别是华北东部发生显著活化,表现为浅部强烈的构造变形、盆地形成、岩浆活动、巨量成矿和深部岩石圈地幔的改造、减薄和增生作用,从而明显区别于全球其他稳定的克拉通地区。本文梳理了中国东部大陆演化历史和岩石圈地幔特征,认为华北和华南地块均由古老陆块拼合而成,块体初始规模小且内部发育薄弱带;显生宙以来华北、华南甚至整个中国东部都受到周边多个构造域的夹持影响,板片俯冲引起的软流圈上涌和熔流体活动沿大陆内部薄弱带和边缘有效侵蚀、改造上覆大陆岩石圈,使之发生减薄、再富集和置换作用,这种被改造的岩石圈地幔具有饱满的组成(富含玄武质组分)、较高的密度和较低的刚性程度,容易发生构造变形和部分熔融,使原本稳定的克拉通发生活化。因此,块体规模和内部薄弱带(内因)及周边构造环境(外因)是大陆稳定性的重要控制因素,中国东部大陆显生宙活化是这些因素协同作用的结果。     

Late Pleistocene–Holocene hydrologic changes in the interfluve areas of the central Ganga Plain, India

Abandoned channel belts, ponds and point bar deposits of palaeochannels in the interfluve regions of the central Ganga Plain suggest changes in the morphohydrologic conditions during the Latest Pleistocene–Holocene. Stratigraphy of these ponds comprises channel sand at the base overlain by shell-bearing clayey silt. The contact of the two facies marks the phase when channels converted into standing water bodies. Point bar deposits of some palaeochannels are overlain by oxidised aeolian sand, indicating that the channel abandonment possibly occurred due to the desiccation and aridity in the region.Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) chronometry of the pond sediments suggests that the deposition of the basal channel sand started before 13 ka and continued up to 8 ka. The ponds formed around 8–6 ka when the channel activity ceased. Evidence from the point bar deposits also indicates that the fluvial activity in the region ended sometime during 7–5 ka. This was followed by aeolian aggradation. The present study thus suggests that the hydrologic conditions in the Gangetic plains, i.e. initiation of channels and their abandonment, formation of microgeomorphologic features such as ponds and their eventual siltation, were controlled largely by climatic changes (i.e. monsoon changes) supported by tectonic activity. For the past 2 ka, increasing human and related agricultural activity has substantially accentuated the natural siltation rate of ponds.     

闽浙沿岸上升流的数值模拟

本文将闽浙沿岸作为研究海区,采用坐标下三维斜压非线性的浅海陆架模式,综合考虑风、边界流(台湾暖流、黑潮、长江冲淡水)及地形等动力因子对上升流形成的影响,较好地模拟了闽浙沿岸上升流的分布。得出夏季闽浙沿岸近海岸区域有三个比较强的上升流中心,分别位于2520′N,12000′E、2640′N,12015′E、2720′N,12045′E附近,并且在对闽浙沿岸水文结构的模拟中,同样得出夏季沿岸的低温高盐区与计算出的三个较强的上升中心一致。冬季沿岸上升流的强度和范围都明显减弱,但在2520′N,12000′E和2600′N,12030′E及2830′~3000′N,12200′E附近仍有相对较强的上升流存在。     

三江平原土地利用变化对水体中铁环境行为的影响

三江平原湿地农田化对铁的赋存形态、迁移转化特征及输出量产生影响。以湿地沼泽水体和稻田水体为研究对象,利用切向超滤技术分离铁的形态,研究土地利用变化前后铁的形态、迁移转化特征的差异。结果表明：湿地农田化后水体中可溶态总铁质量浓度下降16.9%;由于水体pH值的升高,Fe²⁺质量浓度下降56.3%,非溶解态酸性不稳定铁含量显著升高。沼泽水和稻田水在迁移过程中,铁均以络合态铁和酸性不稳定态铁2种形态迁移。沼泽水在迁移过程中Fe2+和络合态铁含量下降,酸性不稳定态铁含量升高,胶体态铁含量变化不大;稻田水在迁移过程中,络合态铁和酸性不稳定态铁含量下降,Fe²⁺和胶体态铁含量较稳定。2种水体铁形态的转化有较大差异：日间沼泽水中非溶解态的酸性不稳定态铁向可溶态铁转化;稻田水体可溶态铁向酸性不稳定态铁转化。     

Isotopic tracers for water masses in the coastal region of eastern Hokkaido

In this study we used two stable isotopes, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O, for water mass classification in the coastal region off eastern Hokkaido. δ¹³C* values, which were corrected for the biological effect, and δ ¹⁸O values up to 300 m depth suggested that the isotopic character of the onshore and offshore water in the southern Okhotsk Sea, the Nemuro Strait and the western North Pacific could be explained by the mixing of three source waters: the Oyashio water (OYW), Soya Warm Current water (SWCW) and East Sakhalin Current water (ESCW). In summer, δ ¹³C*-δ ¹⁸O plots indicated mixing between SWCW from the southern Okhotsk Sea and OYW in the Pacific coast of southeastern Hokkaido, while temperature-salinity plots of the onshore water showed minimal difference from the offshore OYW. In winter, on the other hand, the mixed water of ESCW and OYW (or SWCW) appeared in the Pacific coastal region, distributed as cold, low salinity onshore water. Finally, we estimated mixing ratios of OYW, SWCW and ESCW in the coastal region of western North Pacific using their mean values of δ ¹³C* and δ ¹⁸O as endmembers. These results suggest seasonal and yearly changes of water mass combination en route from the southern Okhotsk Sea to the western North Pacific.