Estimating the value of carbon sequestration ecosystem services in the Mediterranean Sea: An ecological economics approach

Ocean and marine ecosystems provide a range of valuable services to humans, including benefits such as carbon sequestration, whose economic value are as yet poorly understood. This paper presents a novel contribution to the valuation of carbon sequestration services in marine ecosystems with an application to the Mediterranean Sea. We combine a state-of-the-art biogeochemical model with various estimates of the social cost of carbon emissions to provide a spatially explicit characterization of the current flow of values that are attributable to the various sequestration processes, including the biological component. Using conservative estimates of the social cost of carbon, we evaluate the carbon sequestration value flows over the entire basin to range between 127 and 1722 million €/year. Values per unit area range from −135 to 1000 €/km² year, with the exclusive economic zone of some countries acting as net carbon sources. Whereas the contribution of physical processes can be either positive or negative, also depending on the properties of incoming Atlantic water, the contribution of biological processes to the marine “blue carbon” sequestration is always positive, and found to range between 100 to 1500 million €/year for the whole basin.     

陇东塬区不同量级降水的气候变化特征

利用西峰站1951～2010年逐日降水观测资料,根据划分的雨量级别分析了近60a来陇东塬区西峰年降水量及分级降水雨量谱的气候变化特点,并利用累积距平法和Mann—Kendall方法对气候突变进行分析检测。结果表明,近60a西峰的年降水量有明显的下降趋势,其中小雨、中雨、大雨均为正贡献,暴雨为负贡献。而1986—2010年期间年降水有弱的上升,主要是大雨级的雨量增大、雨日增多和雨强增强所致;进一步分析得出,上述变化仍属于年际变化范畴,因此不能说突变已经发生,但有上升迹象。     

陕西中南部一次秋季连阴雨中区域性暴雨的成因分析

利用常规高低空气象观测资料、探空资料和FY-2C红外云图,对2011年9月16-18日陕西中南部一次秋季连阴雨中区域性暴雨过程进行了分析,结果表明,暴雨发生在500hPa稳定的东高西低形势下,西西伯利亚阻塞高压和副热带高压强度偏强,持续强劲的东路冷空气和西南暖湿气流为区域性暴雨天气提供了有利的环流背景;高、低空急流是暴雨产生的主要影响系统。暴雨系统的层结特征与夏季暴雨相比有明显的差异,即暴雨发生在大气层结稳定的状态下;卫星云图显示,暴雨云系主要以中低云为主,云顶亮温一般最低为-43℃;低层东路的冷空气对暴雨的作用远远超过中空冷空气;低层锋区附近的强水汽辐合是秋季区域性暴雨产生的主要机制。     

CESM模式对东亚地区环流特征的模拟检验

利用CMAP逐月降水资料和欧洲天气预报中心ERA-interim的再分析资料,分析了CESM模式对东亚地区降水及夏季环流的模拟性能。结果表明:(1)CESM可以模拟出东亚地区大气环流、地表温度、水汽输送及降水随季节南北进退等主要特征。(2)该模式降水模拟结果与CMAP资料的对比显示,冬季降水的空间偏差主要表现为青藏高原南侧模拟降水偏多,而青藏高原西北部和日本海附近降水模拟偏少。夏季降水的空间偏差主要表现为陆地偏多,偏差最显著的区域位于青藏高原南侧,而海洋上偏少。降水偏差在季节变化上主要体现为低纬度地区雨带出现时间偏早,中高纬度地区出现时间偏晚且持续时间偏长。(3)模式模拟的夏季地表温度与ERA再分析资料相比在陆地模拟的结果明显偏低,在海洋上模拟的偏高。模式模拟的夏季500 h Pa西太副高较ERA再分析结果异常偏西至我国的江淮地区且强度偏强,这与模式模拟的夏季江淮地区降水较CMAP结果偏少密切相关。(4)夏季经向垂直环流的对比显示,模式模拟结果与ERA再分析结果的主要差异出现在青藏高原及其附近地区,模拟结果在高原的南北侧均出现明显的异常垂直环流,南侧的异常垂直环流伸展高度高,范围狭窄,这与模式模拟的夏季降水在高原南侧明显偏多有关。     

一个反映中国冬季气温异常的指标——东亚区域西风指数

分析了中国冬季气温变化的主要特征 ,揭示了能够较好反映中国冬季气温异常整体变化的主要空间分布 ;进一步研究了与之相对应的环流异常特征 ,结果表明中国冬季气温的异常与东亚及西伯利亚 50 0 h Pa高度场的异常有着密切的联系。在分析传统季风指数对气温及对应异常环流特征的表现能力的基础上 ,定义了一个能够反映环流异常的东亚区域西风指数 (IEARW)。经检验 ,可以利用 IEARW来反映中国冬季气温变化的主要特征。最后 ,对 IEARW的变化特征进行了初步分析。     

One year measurements of aerosol optical properties over an urban coastal site: Effect on local direct radiative forcing

We present results of direct aerosol radiative forcing over a French Mediterranean coastal zone based on one year of continuous observations of aerosol optical properties during 2005–2006. Monthly-mean aerosol optical depth at 440 nm ranged between 0.1 and 0.34, with high Angstrom coefficient (α > 1.2). The single scattering albedo (at 525 nm) estimated at the surface ranged between 0.7 and 0.8, indicating significant absorption. The presence of aerosols over the Mediterranean zone during summer decreases the shortwave radiation reaching the surface by as much as 26 ± 3.9 W m^− 2, and increases the top of the atmosphere reflected radiation by as much as 5.2 ± 1.0 W m^− 2. The shortwave atmospheric absorption translates to an atmospheric heating of 2.5 to 4.6 K day^− 1. Concerted efforts are needed for investigating the possible impact of the increase in heating rate on the maintenance of heat-waves frequently occurring over this coastal region during summer time.     

Climatic Indices Influencing the Long-Term Variability of Mediterranean Heat and Water Fluxes: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean Oscillations

Interannual to interdecadal precipitation (P), evaporation (E), water deficit (E-P), and total heat flux have been correlated with North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Mediterranean Oscillation (MO) indices to explore the influence of large-scale atmospheric forcing on the variability of the Mediterranean water and heat budgets. Basin-averaged precipitation decrease from the mid-1960s to the late 1980s clearly corresponds to a switch from a low to a high state of both indices. The variability of E-P is not so well correlated with the atmospheric indices because of the different sensitivity of E and P that leads to correlations of opposite sign in the eastern and western sub-basins. The effectiveness of the NAO and MO indices is quite similar for P and E-P but the regional MO index has turned out to be a more successful indicator of interdecadal evaporation and net heat flux because, from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, correlation with the NAO index decreases considerably. Because the MO centre remains relatively steady, it influences most of the Mediterranean Sea year round, so it is more suitable for monitoring long-term water and especially heat budget variability.     

梅雨锋急流暴雨日变化的地理原因研究

包括急流暴雨在内的梅雨降水存在显著日变化。过去曾从低空急流日变化等一些梅雨系统的内部联系寻求解释，但通过实例分析和气候比较认为：梅雨降水日变化的根本原因是东亚低层大气温度场日变化的区域性差异。造成这种差异的基本原因又包括两个方面，一是东亚特殊的地形构造，二是梅雨期特殊的云区分布。由于梅雨云带的存在，梅雨锋低槽内温度日变化很微弱；又由于高大地形的存在，梅雨锋低槽南北两侧温度日变化非常明显，使副高和中纬度变性高压在夜间增强，梅雨锋低槽也在夜间变深变窄，改变了早、晚时刻梅雨系统的相对强度和降水功能，导致降水日变化。低空急流系统的日变化是梅雨气压场形势出现日变化后发生的众多中间变化之一。而低层温度场日变化的区域性差异是东亚梅雨季节经常存在的一种气候现象。     

西北区中东部2000年与2001年秋季连阴雨分析

2000年和2001年秋季(9—10月)西北区中东部——陕、甘、宁、青四省连续两年出现了自20世纪80年代中期以来范围最大、持续时间最长的连阴雨天气。分析了500hPa和100hPa的环流特征及海温，特别是西太平洋副高和海温对秋季连阴雨的影响，总结出西北地区连阴雨出现时亚欧500hPa候环流的几种分型及它们的共同点。     

赤道东太平洋海温异常对夏季东亚大气环流的影响

采用统计诊断和数值试验方法讨论了赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚夏季大气环流异常的影响，研究表明赤道东太平洋海温的持续异常，引起南海－菲律宾附近地区对流异常的持续，从而导致东亚大气环流的持续异常；同时指出春季赤道东太平洋海温异常和夏季海温异常对夏季东亚大气环流的影响并非是线性叠加，海温持续性异常对东亚夏季气环流的影响在季节时间尺度上存在非线性相互作用。