Breach of a tailings dam in the 2011 earthquake in Japan

The eastern region of the northern part of Japanese mainland has been known historically as an area of mines producing gold and silver. When the extraordinarily strong earthquake rocked the eastern part of the Japanese mainland on March 11, 2011, there were more than 20 old and new dams retaining tailings from many mines.Out of these, three dams suffered breach due to liquefaction of tailings materials and released a large amount of slime, bringing about damage to farmlands and houses downstream. Of particular interest was Kayakari dam at Ohya mine that failed and Takasega-mori dam in its vicinity that did not, although they were equally subjected to strong shaking.In this paper features of these two dams in the design and construction, and damage or non-damage during the earthquake will be described, together with the geotechnical investigations and some analyses that were conducted after the earthquake.     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗284东矿区金矿找矿新思路

乌拉特中旗284东矿区已开展金矿勘查工作多年,但一直未取得较大进展。以往勘查工作认为矿体赋存于破碎蚀变的石英闪长岩中,但矿床规模不大。在对以往地质资料进行分析总结和实地踏勘工作的基础上,提出了区内炭质千糜岩为主要赋矿岩石的找矿新思路,并通过对以往施工钻孔岩心的重新编录和取样分析以及坑道施工,对找矿思路进行了实践。通过地质工作,在炭质千糜岩中发现了金矿体,矿体规模达500 m(走向)×500 m(斜深),为找矿思路提供了强有力的成果支持。新发现的金矿体位于(1)号蚀变带内,受F9断裂控制;矿体存在SW向侧伏规律,在构造交汇及产状变化等部位易形成厚大矿体;矿石具有贫金属硫化物、易见明金的特点,金粒径变化范围较大。依据新思路进行下步找矿工作有望取得较大找矿突破,增加金资源量。找矿新思路的提出不仅为该区金矿勘查指明了方向,也为相邻矿区金矿勘查工作提供了新的启示。     

东昆仑造山带乌妥地区构造特征及其构造演化分析

东昆仑乌妥地区在大地构造位置上跨东昆仑弧盆系北昆仑岩浆弧和东昆仑南坡俯冲增生杂岩带,该文对其内发育的不同时期、不同层次的断裂、韧性剪切带和褶皱等构造行迹进行了研究,从局部特征推演至整体特征,达到对研究区构造演化及变质变形的再认识。结合沉积建造、岩浆活动、变质事件、同位素年龄值及区域资料等,确定各构造群落形成的相对时代,进而比较合理地建立起测区的构造变形序列,认为区内自吕梁期-燕山期-喜山期,至少经历了7期12世代的构造变形,期间任一时期构造体制的变更,造山作用类型的变化、盆地类型的转化,都遵循伸展和压缩交替进行这一普遍的地壳演化规律。将东昆仑造山带乌妥地区的构造演化划分为古元古代基底的形成阶段、多旋回的洋陆转换阶段、陆内造山阶段及高原隆升阶段。     

日本Ms9.0地震前的重力高频扰动

选取中国重力台网14台gPhone弹簧重力仪组成2个观测剖面,对日本本州东海岸附近海域Ms9.0特大地震前（3月1日至10日）的观测数据进行了分析。结果表明：沿海各台站统一出现了喇叭口状的“重力异常扰动”现象,且扰动异常随震中距的增加呈衰减趋势。     

Features of the Extremely Severe Drought in the East of Southwest China and Anomalies of Atmospheric Circulation in Summer 2006

The spatial-temporal features of the extremely severe drought and the anomalous atmospheric circulation in summer 2006 are analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the characteristic circulation indices given by the National Climate Center of China, and the daily precipitation data of 20 stations in the east of Southwest China (ESC) from 1959 to 2006. The results show that the rainless period started from early June and ended in early September 2006 with a total of more than 80 days, and the rainfall was especially scarce from around 25 July to 5 September 2006. Precipitation for each month was less than normal, and analysis of the precipitation indices shows that the summer precipitation in 2006 was the least since 1959. The extremely severe drought in the ESC in summer 2006 was closely related to the persistent anomalies of the atmospheric circulation in the same period, i.e., anomalies of mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation, western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), westerlies, South Asian high, lower-level flow, water vapor transport, vertical motion, and so on. Droughts usually occur when the WPSH lies anomalously northward and westward, or anomalously weak and eastward. The extreme drought in summer 2006 was caused by the former. When the WPSH turned stronger and shifted to the north and west of its normal position, and the South Asian high was also strong and lay eastward, downdrafts prevailed over the ESC and suppressed the water vapor transfer toward this area. At the same time, the disposition of the westerlies and the mid-high latitude circulation disfavored the southward invasion of cold air, which jointly resulted in the extremely severe drought in the ESC in summer 2006. The weak heating over the Tibetan Plateau and vigorous convective activities over the Philippine area were likely responsible for the strong WPSH and its northwestward shift in summer 2006.     

阿尔金和东昆仑造山带中酸性侵入岩地质、地球化学特征及地质意义

据青藏高原北部1∶25万区域地质调查资料引对阿尔金和东昆仑造山带中主要出露的中酸性侵入岩类岩体地质、岩石地球化学特征进行对比研究,探讨原始古陆系统隶属关系结果得出:岩体类型、岩石类型组合、成岩时代、岩浆系列、岩浆源岩物性及形成的地球动力学背景均可完全进行对比,认为前晋宁和晋宁期S型花岗岩类,可能是在碰撞造山地球动力学背景下,由成年期TTG陆壳局部或循环熔融形成;加里东和华力西期以I型和A型花岗岩类为主,推测是在一种大陆岩石圈伸展减薄或是大陆裂谷动力学背景下,由地幔基性超基性岩浆上侵引起中下地壳岩石局部熔融产生的一种岩浆作用产物,源区可能是副变质类型榴辉岩相和麻粒岩相下地壳结合前人研究成果,初步提出阿尔金和东昆仑造山带古老基底同属一个古陆系统.     

渝东武隆地区中上寒武统储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

渝东武隆地区中上寒武统主要为一套海相浅水碳酸盐岩沉积,以各类型白云岩为主.依据成岩作用对孔缝的影响,可将成岩作用分为建设性成岩作用和破坏性成岩作用两种类型.建设性成岩作用主要包括白云石化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等,对孔隙的形成有利.破坏性成岩作用主要有胶结作用、压实作用、压溶作用、充填作用等.破坏性成岩作用破坏原有的储层物性,使孔隙度和渗透率降低,储集性能变差.     

北祁连东段冷龙岭—毛毛山地区 金矿化地质特征及找矿方向

冷龙岭—毛毛山地区位于北祁连东段。为揭示这一地区金成矿规律和控矿因素,从大地构造背景、含矿建造以及成矿构造等几个方面讨论了青分岭金矿床的成矿条件。通过对该区区域地质和构造特征以及金地球化学异常特征分析,提出了进一步找矿方向。     

合肥及其以东地区新构造运动特征

通过对合肥及其以东地区第四纪地层发育特征、地貌特征、地震等特征分析，认为合肥至浮槎山西麓为相对下降区，位于江淮分水岭南缘的梁园一带为现代上升区，浮槎山东部至巢湖一带为相对上升区。新构造运动表现有四次活动。     

Glacial isostatic adjustment in 3-D earth models: Implications for the analysis of tide gauge records along the U.S. east coast

Tide gauge records of recent sea-level change along the U.S. east coast have received significant attention within the literature of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Geographic trends in these tide gauge rates are not reduced by a GIA correction based on a commonly adopted radial viscosity profile (characterized, in particular, by a lower mantle viscosity 1−2×10²¹ Pa s), and this has led to speculation that the residual trends reflect contributions from neotectonics or oceanographic processes. While the trends can be significantly reduced by adopting an Earth model with a stiffer lower mantle, such a model appears to be incompatible with independent constraints from post-glacial decay times in Hudson Bay. We use a finite-element model of the GIA process to investigate whether 3-D viscosity variations superimposed onto the “common” radial viscosity profile may provide a route to reconciling the east coast sea-level trends. We find that the specific 3-D structure we impose has little impact on the geographic trends in the GIA-corrected rates. However, we do find that the imposed lateral variations in lower mantle viscosity introduce a nearly uniform upward shift of 0.5 mm/yr in GIA-induced sea-level rates along the U.S. east coast. Thus, inferences of regional (U.S. east coast) sea-level rise due to modern melting of ice reservoirs, based on tide gauge rates corrected using 1-D GIA models, may be significantly biased by this simplifying assumption.