自然类比法对张北──尚义6.2级地震序列类型和震后趋势早期判断实例

用自然类比法对1998年1月10日张北─尚义6．2级地震序列类型和震后趋势进行了早期判断,找出了与之最相似的四个序列是1976年9月23日巴音木仁6．2级地震（S17）、1996年5月3日包头6．4级地震（558）、1985年4月18日禄劝6．3级地震（S34）和1984年5月21日南黄海6．0级地震（S33）。由此判断张北地震序列为主震余震型,推算最大余震震级应在4．3～4．7之间,一个月内4级以上余震数可能在11～22次之间。实测结果张北地震最大余震震级4．6,一个月内4级以上余震数18次,均在预测范围内。     

Effects of grazing and climate change on species diversity in sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, China

To understand the effects of animal grazing activities and climate change on sandy grassland vegetation in northern China, a field grazing and protected enclosure experiment was conducted from 1992 through 2006 in Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that (1) the grazing was primary responsible for changes of the vegetation richness and diversity in the grazing grassland and that changing climate was the main reason for changes in the species richness and diversity in the grassland protected from grazing; (2) light and moderate grazing can promote restoration of the richness and the diversity in the degraded grassland, and heavy grazing could result in a decrease of the richness and diversity; (3) heavy grazing can result in significant decrease of the perennial diversity, and moderate and light grazing promotes increase of the perennial diversity; the grazing, whether heavy or moderate and light grazing, was beneficial to increase of the annual diversity; (4) heavy grazing was not beneficial to diversity of Graminean and Chenopodiaceae, and moderate and light grazing was favorable the diversity of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae; (5) the warm-humid climate was favorable to increase of the richness and the diversity, and the warm-drought climate could result in decease of the richness and the diversity; (6) increased precipitation was favorable to perennial diversity and the diversity of Graminean, Leguminosae, and Compositae, and decreased precipitation had few effects on the annual diversity and Chenopodiaceae diversity.     

曝气对人工湿地氮去除效果的影响

选择不同的植物组合,分别在6组复合垂直流人工湿地的下行池、上行池种植金边石菖蒲(Acorus gramineus)、宽叶泽苔(Caldesia renif ormis);慈姑(Sagittaria sagittif olia)、水葱(Scirpus validus);灯芯草(Juncus effuses)、梭鱼草(Po...     

Causes of rockfalls in Al-Huwayshah area,Yemen

According to topography of Yemen,most areas and villages are located at obligated crest,toe of mountain and under cliffs.Therefore Al-Huwayshah consisting of Tawilah sandstone group is characterized by steep slope reach to 90° in some areas.This area is affected by strong tectonic movements and faults that occurred during the geological epochs.This effect enhances to find out fractures and joints as well as the rocks become brittle and ready to slide depending on the position of area.And there are some frac...     

2021年四川泸县M6.0地震发震机理及地震活动时空演化特征

2021年9月16日四川泸县发生M6.0地震, 该地震发震构造不明, 发震机理尚存在争议.地震精定位和震源机制有助于分析地震活动时空演化与震源破裂特征, 能够有效揭示活动构造机制和地震发生机理, 为评估区域地震危险性提供科学依据.为此, 本文首先采用双差定位法对震中及附近2009年1月至2021年10月发生的地震进行了精定位, 结果显示, 研究区地震震源深度大多集中在10 km范围内, 事件主要沿地表断层呈条带状或丛集分布, 部分震群邻近当地工业井, 周边无明显断层分布.其次, 通过CAP波形反演计算得到M≥3.5地震的震源机制解, 表明研究区震源破裂以逆冲挤压型为主, 部分震源机制解具有不确定性.基于震源机制解反演区域应力场, 进一步探讨了区域应力场与地震事件的力学一致性.研究结果显示, 区域应力场以水平构造挤压作用为主, 部分事件震源机制解与其吻合度较低, 暗示存在局部应力差异.综合地震活动时空演化特征、已知断层展布以及区域应力场等研究结果, 认为华蓥山断裂带南段的地震活动与资源开采活动密切相关, 泸县M6.0地震是在局部应力场扰动下, 下方滑脱层活动触发了上覆隐伏断层的挤压错动而产生.

     

5•12汶川地震中山区公路桥梁震害及启示

桥梁结构的振动特性受场地条件及土—结相互作用影响显著,为提高桥梁结构的抗震性能,减少因结构破坏而产生的经济损失,进一步开展考虑场地土体非线性以及土—结相互作用对桥梁结构地震反应影响的研究工作十分必要。本文以一典型桥梁结构为例,着重介绍了美国太平洋地震工程研究中心基于性能的桥梁有限元模拟平台BridgePBEE应用中所涉及的地震动选取、桥梁结构建模、土体本构选择以及基于构件的桩—土—桥梁结构体系损伤评估方法,为研究震后桥梁结构经济损失分析方法提供可行性方案。     

澜沧—耿马地震的震源机制研究

本文利用中国数字化地震台网（CDSN）记录的2°—40°范围内的长周期P波垂直分量波形资料,通过理论地震图拟合的方法,研究了1988年云南澜沧—耿马地震主震及两个余震的震源机制.结果表明,主震由三个震源机制不尽相同的子事件组成.第一个子事件的震源机制为:走向N30°W,倾角88°,错动角185°,地震矩为0.55×1020Nm.第二个子事件的震源机制为:走向N33°W,倾角90°,错动角209°,地震矩0.24×1020Nm,延迟时间为25s.第三个子事件的震源机制为:走向N65°W,倾角82°,错动角172°,地震矩为0.14×1020Nm,延迟时间为70s.这种在空间上相距甚小而在时间上有分离、子事件的震源机制相差较为显著的复杂震源过程,与现场综合考察所见的地表裂缝分布一致,可以解释为单一裂缝的X型共轭剪切破裂,两个余震震源机制均为:走向N10°W,倾角86°,错动角185°,地震矩分别为0.54×1018Nm和4.29×1018Nm.     

Epicenter and magnitude of large earthquake determined from high-rate GPS observations: A case study of the 2008 M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

For earthquake and tsunami early warning and emergency response,the earthquake epicenter and magnitude should be determined rapidly and correctly.Using high-rate GPS observations,we can readily obtain precise and high resolution displacement time series and the seismic waveforms during the earthquake.In this paper,a new algorithm is proposed for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude with the seismic waveforms derived from high-rate GPS data during the earthquake.A case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is conducted from 1 Hz GPS data and the epicenter and magnitude are determined.Compared with the results issued by the China Seismological Bureau,the estimation error of the epicenter and the magnitude is about 12 km and 0.1 magnitude unit,respectively.It has shown that high-rate GPS could be a new tool feasible for estimating the earthquake epicenter and magnitude,independent of or combined with seismometers.     

Modelling peak accelerations from earthquakes

This paper deals with the prediction of peak horizontal accelerations with emphasis on seismic risk and insurance concerns. Non‐linear mixed effects models are used to analyse well‐known earthquake data and the consequences of mis‐specifying assumptions on the error term are quantified. A robust fit of the usual model, using recently developed robust weighted maximum likelihood estimators, is presented. Outlying data are automatically identified and subsequently investigated. A more appropriate model accounting for the extreme value nature of the responses, is also developed and implemented. The implication on acceleration predictions is demonstrated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.