A high resolution,multiproxy Late‐glacial record of climate change and intrasystem responses in northwest England

A lacustrine carbonate sequence from Hawes Water, Lancashire, UK, has been studied using stable isotopic, lithological, pollen and mineral magnetic analysis. The data reveal four abrupt climatic oscillations in the Late‐glacial Interstadial leading up to the onset of the Loch Lomond Stadial. The data also point to climatic warming relatively early within the stadial, ca. 12 500 GRIP yr, prior to the onset of the Holocene. The oxygen isotope record is taken as a signature of climate forcing against which the response of the lake‐system can be monitored. By adopting this approach it is revealed that the response of the biological system to the rapid climatic oscillations is non‐linear and primarily a function of the antecedent conditions. A significant end‐Devensian isotopic excursion (A) is matched by only minor changes in the cold‐adapted floras and faunas. During the warmer interstadial, the response of the biological ecosystem (events B–D) is clearly influenced by thresholds: major changes in the catchment vegetation associated with relatively minor oscillations in the isotopic signature. The stratigraphical patterns reveal significant lag effects between the onset of climate deterioration and resulting changes in vegetation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Deformation styles as a key for interpreting glacial depositional environments

Lithostratigraphical and lithofacies approaches used to interpret glacial sediments often ignore deformation structures that can provide the key to environment of formation. We propose a classification of deformation styles based on the geometry of structures rather than inferred environment of formation. Five styles are recognised: pure shear (P), simple shear (S), compressional (C), vertical (V) and undeformed (U). These dictate the first letter of the codes; the remaining letters conveying the evidence. This information can be used to reconstruct palaeostress fields and to infer physical properties of sediments when they deformed. Individual structures are not diagnostic of particular environments but the suite of structures, their relative scale, stratigraphical relationships, and orientation relative to palaeoslopes and to palaeoice‐flow directions can be used to infer the environment in which they formed. This scheme is applied at five sites in west Wales. The typical succession is interpreted as subglacial sediments overlain by meltout tills, flow tills and sediment flows. Paraglacial redistribution of glacial sediments is widespread. Large‐scale compressional deformation is restricted to sites where glaciers readvanced. Large‐scale vertical deformation occurs where water was locally ponded near the ice margin. There is no evidence for glaciomarine conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国兴凯湖北岸平原晚全新世花粉记录及泥炭沼泽形成

通过兴凯湖北岸平原泥炭剖面高分辩率花粉分析研究，对晚全新世花粉划分4个组合带。XKH-4组合时期(1857～1746aB．P．)为沼泽发育前期，这一时期花粉浓度小，陆生草本植物占优势，气候干冷。XKH-3组合时期(1746～1287aB．P．)为沼泽发育早期，这一时期花粉浓度较大，且水生植物花粉含量为剖面最高，喜温落叶阔叶植物大发展时期，气候温和湿润。XKH-2组合时期(1287～602aB．P．)为沼泽发育中期，这一时期花粉浓度最小，但以陆生草本植物为主，木本植物为辅，水生植物急剧减少，针叶植物出现两次高峰，气候向冷干方向发展。XKH-1组合时期(602aB．P．至今)为沼泽发育盛期，这一时期花粉浓度最大，陆生草本植物大发展时期，气候波动较大。     

Aragonite and calcite preservation in sediments from Lake Iznik related to bottom lake oxygenation and water column depth

This study examines the forcing mechanisms driving long‐term carbonate accumulation and preservation in lacustrine sediments in Lake Iznik (north‐western Turkey) since the last glacial. Currently, carbonates precipitate during summer from the alkaline water column, and the sediments preserve aragonite and calcite. Based on X‐ray diffraction data, carbonate accumulation has changed significantly and striking reversals in the abundance of the two carbonate polymorphs have occurred on a decadal time scale, during the last 31 ka cal bp . Different lines of evidence, such as grain size, organic matter and redox sensitive elements, indicate that reversals in carbonate polymorph abundance arise due to physical changes in the lacustrine setting, for example, water column depth and lake mixing. The aragonite concentrations are remarkably sensitive to climate, and exhibit millennial‐scale oscillations. Extending observations from modern lakes, the Iznik record shows that the aerobic decomposition of organic matter and sulphate reduction are also substantial factors in carbonate preservation over long time periods. Lower lake levels favour aragonite precipitation from supersaturated waters. Prolonged periods of stratification and, consequently, enhanced sulphate reduction favour aragonite preservation. In contrast, prolonged or repeated exposure of the sediment–water interface to oxygen results in in situ aerobic organic matter decomposition, eventually leading to carbonate dissolution. Notably, the Iznik sediment profile raises the hypothesis that different states of lacustrine mixing lead to selective preservation of different carbonate polymorphs. Thus, a change in the entire lake water chemistry is not strictly necessary to favour the preservation of one polymorph over another. Therefore, this investigation is a novel contribution to the carbon cycle in lacustrine systems.     

Early J2 basalts in SE China: Incipience of large-scale late Mesozoic magmatism

Magmatism in SE China was dormant during 204–180 Ma, but was reactivated in 180–170 Ma (early J₂), and then became more and more intensive towards the end of early Cretaceous. The small-scale early J₂ magmatism is the incipience to long-term and large-scale magmatism in this region. A near east-west (EW) trend volcanic belt was distributed across south Hunan, south Jiangxi and southwest Fujian was formed during early J₂ time. Along this belt from the inland toward the coast, the lithology of basalts changes from alkali into tholeiite, and the amount of erupted volcanic rocks and the proportions of rhyolites coexisting with the basalts increase. On the basis of geochemical characteristics of these basalts, we infer that the melting degree of source rocks and the extent of fractional crystallization and crustal contamination all increased whereas the depth of mantle source decreased from the inland to the coast, which led to the variations of geological characteristics of the volcanic belt. In early J₂, the western spreading Pacific plate began to subduct underneath SE China continental block, reactivating near EW trend deep fault that was originally formed during the Indosinian event. The stress of the western spreading Pacific plate and the extent of asthenosphere upwelling increased from the inland to the coast, which is consistent with the generation and evolution of early J₂ basalts.     

新疆乌恰县莎里塔什组生物地层新知

对新疆乌恰县塔塔村下侏罗统莎里塔什组孢粉植物群的研究，共发现孢粉２２属２６种，植物化石１２属１５种。根据这些孢粉化石建立了一个孢粉组合，命名为Ｃｙａｔｈｉｄｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｌａｓｓｏｐｏｌｌｉｓ组合，再根据侏罗纪的标志植物锥叶蕨（Ｃｏｎｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ）的存在，将莎里塔什组的时代确定为早侏罗世，为乌恰地区早侏罗世生物地层提供了可靠依据     

ESI高影响论文揭示的北极自然科学研究特点

在全球气候持续变暖背景下,北极地区冻土退化、冰川退缩、海冰减少等导致了一系列的生态环境问题,同时也使得资源勘探开发与国际新航道开通成为可能,北极地区的重要性日益凸显.依据2009—2019年6月期间有关北极研究的408篇ESI高影响论文,对发文量、主要作者、研究机构、国家、研究方向等字段进行分析,从自然科学角度,宏观而...     

Past,present and future vegetation-cloud feedbacks in the Amazon Basin

To begin exploring the underlying mechanisms that couple vegetation to cloud formation processes, we derive the lifting condensation level (LCL) to estimate cumulus cloud base height. Using a fully coupled land–ocean–atmosphere general circulation model (HadCM3LC), we investigate Amazonian forest feedbacks on cloud formation over three geological periods; modern-day (a.d. 1970–1990), the last glacial maximum (LGM; 21 kya), and under a future climate scenario (IS92a; a.d. 2070–2090). Results indicate that for both past and future climate scenarios, LCL is higher relative to modern-day. Statistical analyses indicate that the 800 m increase in LCL during the LGM is related primarily to the drier atmosphere promoted by lower tropical sea surface temperatures. In contrast, the predicted 1,000 m increase in LCL in the future scenario is the result of a large increase in surface temperature and reduced vegetation cover.     

华北山地多成因壶穴初步研究——对华北山地“冰臼”等“冰川地貌”的讨论

华北山地"距今二、三百万年"的"冰臼"绝大部分位于第四纪河谷内,"距今1～2万年"的"冰川壶穴"位于全新世河谷内,与华北山地地貌演化相矛盾;所谓的"冰川地貌"组合不是真正的地貌组合,而是不同时代、不同成因地貌的混合,因此,华北山地不存在冰臼。所谓的"冰臼"是不同时代、多种成因的壶穴——距今2.50Ma前后的河蚀壶穴,距今10～20ka的雪蚀壶穴,距今10ka以来的溶蚀穴、溶蚀—河蚀壶穴、风化—风蚀壶穴、现代壶穴和水潭。     

基于实例推理系统的滑坡预警判据研究

为研究滑坡预警预报指标,建立了31个典型岩质滑坡组成的滑坡数据库,基于滑坡数据库、工程类比和模糊综合评判方法开发了滑坡实例推理系统。首先将滑坡特征属性分为6大项:破坏模式、滑面倾角、滑面类型、边坡岩体结构、边坡倾角、滑坡的诱发因素(降雨、地下水、水库蓄水、开挖、爆破、地震),用11个特征值表示边坡的特征属性;其次采用比值法相似度计算理论在滑坡数据库中搜索与目标边坡最相似的滑坡,通过工程类比给出滑坡预警判据建议值;最后依据模糊综合评判模型修正建议值,得到预警判据确认值,形成滑坡实例推理系统。以锦屏一级水电站为例,通过计算找到了滑坡数据库中与锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡最为相似的5个滑坡实例;其中大冶铁矿狮子山滑坡和安家岭露天矿滑坡有较为完整的变形监测数据,深入分析类似边坡变形破坏过程,分4个阶段给出了锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡预警判据建议值;并建立边坡预警判据修正的模糊综合评判模型,修正相似边坡预警判据,给出锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡进入加速变形阶段的位移速率阀值的精确区间为1.0～1.2 mm/d。