Clusters of Nonmedical Exemptions to Vaccination in Illinois K–12 Schools

Vaccination rates in Illinois schools are decreasing as more parents opt for nonmedical exemptions (NMEs). At the local scale, higher levels of exemptions affect herd immunity levels. Few studies have previously conducted or proposed methods to conduct local-scale spatial and temporal cluster pattern analysis. This study used vaccination exemption data from the Illinois School Board of Education’s annual Immunization School Survey for the 2003–2004 and 2013–2014 academic years. The Getis–Ord General G statistic was used to identify cluster detection by individual vaccine at the school level. The Getis–Ord Gi* statistic was used with two different parameter models to identify hot and cold spots. This study found that NMEs are highly clustered. More clusters of high and low NMEs were identified for the 2013–2014 academic year than for 2003–2004. The percentages of schools that were neither hot nor cold averaged 94.0 percent for the 2003–2004 school year and 78.7 percent for the 2013–2014 school year. NME rates in Illinois are rising. The increase in hot and cold spots is evidence that the polarity of vaccination choice is growing. As vaccination exemption rates continue to polarize U.S. society, it is essential for public health efforts to monitor and conduct local-level studies. Key Words: antivaccination, hot spot analysis, medical geography, nonmedical exemption, spatial statistics.     

Un Proceso Muy Vagabundo: The Use of Visual Research Methods to Explore Intergenerational Political Behavior

This article explores the use of visual research methodologies for understanding the everyday political desires and behavior of individuals. Its goal is to extend conversations in geography about the use of visual methods for interpreting the relationships between society and space, specifically the ways in which photovoice techniques can help geographers better understand the ways in which intergenerational emplaced memories motivate and shape contemporary political action. Using an urban community in Costa Rica built through hybrid housing–antiviolence movements in the 1980s and 1990s as a case study, this article illustrates the material and metaphorical pathways that participants trace between historical social movements and contemporary social issues through their photo essays. Participant images are made in tandem with practices and movement in the present but recall and represent family histories and narratives of historical struggle in the past. Significantly, as savvy users embedded in visual worlds, participants use these moments of intersection between past and present to mobilize political arguments about value and justice in their community. In this way, visual methods reveal the political mundane: how individuals shape their political opinions through conversation between contemporary embodiment and experiences with social issues and family histories of social movement participation. Key Words: photovoice, urban social movements, visual research methods.     

Âges KAr des roches magmatiques du fossé de Garoua (Cameroun) : leur place dans le cadre de la « Ligne du Cameroun »

KAr analyses on whole rock and minerals are reported for the Kokoumi anorogenic pluton and alkaline volcanics of the Benue valley, west of Garoua (northern Cameroon), which belong to the northern part of the ‘Cameroon Line’. The two formations yield similar ages of 39 and 37 Ma, respectively. These values likely correspond to the time of emplacement. They are in agreement with the interpretation considering the ‘Cameroon Line’ as a huge lithospheric crack tapping a hot deep asthenospheric zone. To cite this article: R. Montigny et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

东西科学文化碰撞的火花--纪念德日进神父(1881～1955年)来中国工作80周年

文章试图通过德日进神父自己的记述、与亲友的通信以及人们的回忆寻找他对中国科学做出贡献的发生发展过程,追踪德日进在其事业不同阶段的经历,了解他是如何在极端困难和复杂的条件下取得如此崇高的、科学和哲学的统一.德日进神父(1881～1955年),法国人,1923年来到中国.从在宁夏银川的水洞沟黄土层中发现了旧石器时起,1929年担任中国地质调查所新生代研究室顾问,指导了周口店的发掘研究,经历了第二次世界大战的困难时期,完成了他的名著<智慧圈>及<人的现象>.直至1946年离开中国,他在中国前后生活了23年(1923～1946年).在这23年中,他对中国的地质、古生物科学、考古科学等许多方面进行了大量的调查和研究,培养了人才,撰写了许多科学论文和专著,以及重要的哲学著作.德日进神父在中国受到人们的尊敬和爱戴,被称为中国古脊椎动物学的奠基者和领路人.一个人成就的伟大,往往不在于他意料之中,而是在于出乎他的意想之外.德日进神父是中西科学文化交流历史上、20世纪这一旋回中,连接西方和东方之路的无声的开拓者.他是把自然科学和哲学完美联结在一起的一座看不见的桥梁.文章按时间顺序分别描述德日进神父对东方的印象和思考,包括:1)对东方的憧憬--童年和<马可@波罗游记>;2)对东方的企盼--浪漫主义的东方;3)对东方的失望--长城边上的落日;4)对东方的希望--他们将自己站稳;5)对东方的升华--"智慧圈"和<人的现象>.谨以此文纪念80年前德日进神父来华所开辟的东西方科学交流之道路,和科学与哲学的结合.     

德日进"亚洲干极"理论的现实意义

"亚洲干极"是德日进总结中国北方中生代以来不断干旱化得出的观点.构造运动驱动气候变干是其主导思想.德日进关于中国新生代古地理演化的基本框架至今仍然适用,当代研究补充和深化了"亚洲干极"的理论,老第三纪行星风系的干热气候逐渐在新第三纪被季风气候取代,代表干旱气候的粉尘沉积逐步扩大空间范围,湖相沉积则逐渐收缩.22MaB.P.,8.5MaB.P.,3.6MaB.P.和1.2MaB.P.是"亚洲于极"逐步加强的关键时段.     

Satellite-Derived ERS scatterometer sea-surface wind-stress curl in the southwestern Indian Ocean

Surface marine wind data base from ERS-1 scatterometer has been processed to define the characteristic seasonal distribution of wind-stress curl throughout the southwestern Indian Ocean between January and December 1994. A compact model to obtain satellite-derived wind-stress curl fields on smaller scales than previously available is proposed and evaluated. The results indicate the strong capability of the ERS-1 scatterometer to monitor wind-driven variations in the mesoscale ocean patterns. To cite this article: M. Petit et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Fammenian–Tournaisian dextral ductile shear in the French Variscan belt

The South Armorican Shear Zone consists of a set of faults that runs across the southern Armorican Massif and extends eastwards to the Massif Central. One of its branches, the Cholet Shear Zone of South Brittany, can be correlated with the North-Millevaches–La Courtine Shear Zone in the Massif Central. It was active immediately after the regional Frasnian anatexis (372–368 Ma) as a right-lateral strike-slip fault. The horizontal offset, which can be estimated between 110 and 170 km, was achieved before the emplacement of non-deformed Late Tournaisian calc-alkaline and peraluminous granites (355–350 Ma). This newly established age of activity (Fammenian–Tournaisian) of the Cholet–La Courtine Shear Zone (CCSZ) has to be taken into account in geodynamical reconstructions of the Variscan belt of western Europe. To cite this article: C. Cartannaz et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Manifestations précoces du rift de Biscaye au Lias inférieur sur la marge Sud-Armoricaine (Talmont-Saint-Hilaire,Vendée,Ouest France)

To the south of Les Sables-d'Olonne (Vendée, France), the Early Liassic (Hettangian) sedimentation locally begins with continental clastics (including the dinosaur footprint-bearing beds of Le Veillon) prior to the deposition of shallow marine carbonates. Subsurface data (water borehole and geophysical line) indicate frequent variations in thickness of the clastics, related to fault block pattern. Simultaneously, numerous sedimentary dyke swarms developed within the metamorphic basement. These tectonic features resulted from an Early Liassic NNE–SSW-trending extension of the basement. Mineralized zones (silicification and metal-bearing mineralization) are related to hydrothermal circulations, contemporaneous (at least in part) with the Early Liassic extension. These different events may be related to the early stage of evolution (Triassic–Liassic) of the Biscay rift. To cite this article: C. Montenat et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Tectonique quaternaire et plis de rampe dans le golfe d'Hammamet (offshore tunisien)

The Jriba trough is an Upper Miocene graben located within the Tunisian offshore Gulf of Hammamet area, east of the Atlas front. This distensive structure suffered a compressive event during the Early Quaternary (Villafranchian). The Jriba structure was previously interpreted as ‘flower structure’, which possibly complicated by halokinetics movements. A new analysis of a set of seismic lines crossing the Jriba trough allows us to propose a new tectonic model where the Villafranchian deformation is characterized by (1) occurrence of a decollement level cutting Messinian to Pliocene layers; and (2) the growth of fault-related folds (fault-propagation fold). The NE–SW Miocene, inherited normal faults, locate the position of the ramps and folds whereas the NW–SE inherited normal faults are reactivated as tear faults. These NW–SE tear faults define various domains of different shortening values (one kilometre at maximum). To cite this article: M. Ben Romdhane et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Mode de mise en place des corps salifères dans l'Atlas septentrional de Tunisie. Exemple de l'appareil de Bir Afou

30 km southwest of Tunis, two thin flaky ‘Triassic’ intrusions underline the two flanks of the Atlasic anticline of Bir Afou. These evaporites are interbedded within the Clansayesian shales, and are under and overlain by glauconitic conglomeratic contacts. The ‘Triassic’ flakes, topic of our study, are sourced from the Bir Afou Triassic mass after a rapid pouring out during Late Aptian extensional tectonics. This structure corresponds, for us, to a ‘salt glacier’, similar to that one described at Ben Gasseur by Vila and al. [J.M. Vila, M. Ben Youssef, M. Chikhaoui, M. Ghanmi, Bull. Soc. géol. France 167 (1996) 235–246], which was subsequently folded during Lower Eocene times. Middle and Upper Eocene transgressive formations unconformably deposited on top of the Aptian anticlinal hinge. The major Late Miocene compressive phase is responsible for the present structures and that are superimposed onto the pre-existing ‘salt glacier’. This salifereous system extends the ‘salt glacier’ domain towards the eastern part of the Tunisian Atlas. To cite this article: M. Ben Chelbi et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).