南沙微板块边界的动力学演化

南沙微板块的四周为性质不同的超壳边界断裂所围限,北为长龙-黄岩扩张断裂带,南为八仙-巴兰-约克-库约推复断裂带,西为万安-纳土纳走滑拉张断裂带,东为马尼拉-班乃走滑挤压断裂带,它们共同以南沙软流圈顶面为拆离面.该微板块在新生代的动力学过程可分为四个阶段:K₂-E₂1,南沙微板块沿北部的康泰-双子-雄南断裂带伸展,裂离华南-印支陆缘,古南海向南俯冲,西布增生楔形成;E₂2-E₃1,西南次海盆沿长龙扩张脊断裂带扩张,西布增生楔碰撞造山;E₃2-N₁1,中央次海盆沿黄岩扩张脊断裂带扩张,米里增生楔形成,北巴拉望南缘“A”型俯冲;N₁2至现在,南部边界断裂大规模向北逆冲推复造山,南海扩张停止.     

Influence du Bani sur la variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la crue du fleuve Niger dans le delta intérieur au Mali

Le delta intérieur du fleuve Niger est une zone humide sahélienne dont l’inondation dépend de la pluviométrie des bassins supérieurs du fleuve Niger et de son principal affluent, le Bani. La crise climatique qui a débuté en 1970 a très peu influencé les dates de passage des maximums de crue sur le Niger amont et son principal défluent, le Diaka. L’influence par contre est très forte sur le Bani, à la confluence avec le Niger à Mopti et sur le delta aval avec des dates de passages des maximums plus précoces qu’auparavant. Cela est dû à la faiblesse des superficies inondées au cours des années sèches. Pendant les années humides, l’importance des débordements latéraux ralentit la propagation de la crue avec pour conséquence des dates de passages plus tardives des maximums. Par ailleurs pendant les années humides antérieures à 1970 l’importance des débordements latéraux conférait au delta amont un caractère d’autorégulation par écrêtage des crues au niveau de certaines station.     

Determination of Zr and Hf in a Flux-Free Fusion of Whole Rock Samples using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with Isotope Dilution Calibration

Isotope dilution calibration has been applied to the determination of Zr and Hf in whole rocks by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS. Enriched isotopes were added during the preparation of flux-free, synthetic whole rock glasses and homogenised through a combination of grinding and fusion. This method avoids problems, such as solution instability and the chemical resistance of minerals such as zircon, inherent in acid digestion sample preparation. The use of isotope dilution removes the need for external calibration using certified reference material glasses such as NIST SRM 612 for which certified Zr and Hf values are not available. The precision of Zr and Hf determinations were found to be < 1% and 3.5% respectively, limited by Poisson counting statistics which contributed to 50% of the final precision of analysis. Measured values correlate closely with compiled literature values.     

优质速溶的食用羊栖菜粉的研制

以浙江洞头产的淡干羊栖菜为原料,研制速溶型的食用羊栖菜粉。选择对成品粉的溶解性、色泽和风味影响显著的“脱腥软化工艺”中的３个因数进行正交试验［Ｌ９（３４）］,得出优化后的工艺参数如下：处理液配方为６ｇ／ｋｇ柠檬酸加１ｇ／ｋｇ多聚磷酸盐（以干藻体计）;热处理条件为藻浆在处理液中煮沸后自然冷却。对普通粉和速溶粉的理化性质、感官品质和卫生指标进行了比较,并分别研制了羊栖菜胶囊和即食糊两种新产品。     

Geoelectrical structure of the central zone of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion)

 A study of the geoelectrical structure of the central part of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (Réunion, Indian Ocean) was made using direct current electrical (DC) and transient electromagnetic soundings (TEM). Piton de la Fournaise is a highly active oceanic basaltic shield and has been active for more than half a million years. Joint interpretation of the DC and TEM data allows us to obtain reliable 1D models of the resistivity distribution. The depth of investigation is of the order of 1.5 km but varies with the resistivity pattern encountered at each sounding. Two-dimensional resistivity cross sections were constructed by interpolation between the soundings of the 1D interpreted models. Conductors with resistivities less than 100 ohm-m are present at depth beneath all of the soundings and are located high in the volcanic edifice at elevations between 2000 and 1200 m. The deepest conductor has a resistivity less than 20 ohm-m for soundings located inside the Enclos and less than 60–100 ohm-m for soundings outside the Enclos. From the resistivity distributions, two zones are distinguished: (a) the central zone of the Enclos; and (b) the outer zone beyond the Enclos. Beneath the highly active summit area, the conductor rises to within a few hundred meters of the surface. This bulge coincides with a 2000-mV self-potential anomaly. Low-resistivity zones are inferred to show the presence of a hydrothermal system where alteration by steam and hot water has lowered the resistivity of the rocks. Farther from the summit, but inside the Enclos, the depth to the conductive layers increases to approximately 1 km and is inferred to be a deepening of the hydrothermally altered zone. Outside of the Enclos, the nature of the deep, conductive layers is not established. The observed resistivities suggest the presence of hydrated minerals, which could be found in landslide breccias, in hydrothermally altered zones, or in thick pyroclastic layers. Such formations often create perched water tables. The known occurrence of large eastward-moving landslides in the evolution of Piton de la Fournaise strongly suggests that large volumes of breccias should exist in the interior of the volcano; however, extensive breccia deposits are not observed at the bottom of the deep valleys that incise the volcano to elevations lower than those determined for the top of the conductors. The presence of the center of Piton de la Fournaise beneath the Plaine des Sables area during earlier volcanic stages (ca. 0.5 to 0.150 Ma) may have resulted in broad hydrothermal alteration of this zone. However, this interpretation cannot account for the low resistivities in peripheral zones. It is not presently possible to discriminate between these general interpretations. In addition, the nature of the deep conductors may be different in each zone. Whatever the geologic nature of these conductive layers, their presence indicates a major change of lithology at depth, unexpected for a shield volcano such as Piton de la Fournaise. Received: 3 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 September 1999     

Mercury fluxes between an impacted coastal lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean

The objective was to estimate the seasonal and inter-tidal variability of dissolved and particulate mercury fluxes between the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) and the Atlantic Ocean. The mercury fluxes were estimated by means of a two-dimensional vertically integrated hydrodynamic model. Results showed that the particulate fraction plays an important role in the transport of mercury while the contribution of the seston fraction to the transport of mercury was always <0.5%. During spring tides, in summer, about 2% of mercury transported in seston was present in an organic form. The mass balance for the mercury fractions revealed that the mercury export to the Atlantic Ocean varied with season and tidal regime, mainly in terms of the relative importance of the dissolved and particulate fractions. An approximate range of values for the annual mass balance between 42 and 77 kg shows that the export of dissolved and particulate mercury makes little impact on the near shore region of the Atlantic Ocean and that the recovery of the lagoon from mercury contamination is likely to remain a long-term issue.     

Cytogenetics of Anodonta cygnea (Mollusca: Bivalvia) as possible indicator of environmental adversity

Anodonta cygnea is a freshwater clam, belonging to the Unionidae family, which can be found in rivers and lagoons all over Europe and Northern America. As they appear as important case studies for ecological damage assessments, the various species of the Unionidae family have been submitted to a sort of recent studies on their chromosomal or cytogenetic status. In this study we confirmed the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38 for this species, and established for the first time the karyotype, which comprised six metacentric, 12 submetacentric and one subtelocentric chromosome pairs. We also found a high percentage of cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes. Considering that karyotype disturbances in Unionids have been previously related with exposure to chemicals, either natural or produced by human activity, we determined the aneuploidy index for our population. The aneuploidy index is an excellent marker for pollutant presence/effect. The animals acclimatized in tap water and in natural water from the lake where the individuals were collected showed different levels of aneuploidy. The higher values were found in tap water. Chromosome analysis techniques seem a suitable tool to study the impact of contaminants referred above, and making A. cygnea a suitable organism for assessment of an eugenic damage in aquatic systems. On the other hand, our results also point out to the importance of doing the acclimatizing process of the collected animals in their own natural water.     

Effect of low salinity on the survival of recently hatched veliger of Nassarius reticulatus (L.) in estuarine habitats: A case study of Ria de Aveiro

The effect of low salinity on the survival of recently hatched veliger of the gastropod Nassarius reticulatus (L.) was studied under laboratory conditions at 17 °C ± 1 °C. Significant mortality occurred for salinities ≤ 17 psu and the LS₅₀ (salinity that causes 50% mortality) varied from 14.5 psu to 17.2 psu for exposures between 1 h and 48 h, respectively. The results were included in a mathematical model in order to estimate the mortality of N. reticulatus veliger in Ria de Aveiro under different salinity scenarios determined by numerical simulation. The model predicts a massive mortality of veliger immediately after their eclosion (1 h) in Ria de Aveiro during spring tide when the river input reaches its expected maximum — a situation that has been observed occasionally and may overlap a massive eclosion of veliger in the water. Except in this extreme situation, the mortality in Ria de Aveiro is generally restricted to the upstream limits of the channels. The results indicate that N. reticulatus recruitment in estuaries may strongly depend on the prevailing salinity regime.     

板内扭压造山机制

据中国大陆板块内部构造特征提出两种扭压造山机制：（１） 扭压滑脱褶皱造山作用;（２） 扭压斜滑断裂岩浆造山作用。前者以扬子板块内的武陵山台褶带为例,后者以华北板块内的太行山断裂岩浆带为例。扭压滑脱褶皱造山作用表现为沉积盖层呈隔档式及隔槽式褶皱;结晶基底呈大型隆起和拗折,莫霍面下降,从而使地壳增厚,构成造山带。值得注意的是,这类滑脱褶皱带的整体形状呈Ｓ状展布,其中的次级褶皱呈雁行状斜列,表明这类造山带的形成除受水平挤压作用外,还伴有左行剪切作用。扭压斜滑断裂岩浆造山作用表现为沿断裂带有一系列花岗质深成岩体展布。这些断裂不仅深切地幔,而且导致下地壳局部融熔形成花岗岩浆,驱动岩浆斜向上升,并控制岩体侵位。与此同时地壳在平面上缩短,垂向上增厚,构成造山带。上述两种造山作用一致表明,东亚大陆在中生代时曾相对太平洋板块向南滑移     

Nickel Isotope Variations in Terrestrial Silicate Rocks and Geological Reference Materials Measured by MC‐ICP‐MS

Although initial studies have demonstrated the applicability of Ni isotopes for cosmochemistry and as a potential biosignature, the Ni isotope composition of terrestrial igneous and sedimentary rocks, and ore deposits remains poorly known. Our contribution is fourfold: (a) to detail an analytical procedure for Ni isotope determination, (b) to determine the Ni isotope composition of various geological reference materials, (c) to assess the isotope composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth relative to the Ni isotope reference material NIST SRM 986 and (d) to report the range of mass‐dependent Ni isotope fractionations in magmatic rocks and ore deposits. After purification through a two‐stage chromatography procedure, Ni isotope ratios were measured by MC‐ICP‐MS and were corrected for instrumental mass bias using a double‐spike correction method. Measurement precision (two standard error of the mean) was between 0.02 and 0.04‰, and intermediate measurement precision for NIST SRM 986 was 0.05‰ (2s). Igneous‐ and mantle‐derived rocks displayed a restricted range of δ^60/58Ni values between ?0.13 and +0.16‰, suggesting an average BSE composition of +0.05‰. Manganese nodules (Nod A1; P1), shale (SDO‐1), coal (CLB‐1) and a metal‐contaminated soil (NIST SRM 2711) showed positive values ranging between +0.14 and +1.06‰, whereas komatiite‐hosted Ni‐rich sulfides varied from ?0.10 to ?1.03‰.