赞比亚西北省铜-钴矿地质及找矿潜力

[摘 要]赞比亚位于著名的中非新元古代沉积型铜（-钴）矿带上,铜带省和西北省是该国最主要的铜-钴矿集中分布区;相对于找矿程度已经很高的铜带省,西北省成矿地质条件优越,且地质工作程度较低,因此拥有巨大的找矿潜力,已成为该国找矿突破的重点区域。目前西北省主要著名的矿山/矿床有3个：坎桑希、卢穆瓦纳、卡伦比拉。这些铜-钴-金-铀-镍矿床的含矿地层、矿化特征与铜带省传统经典的沉积型铜-钴矿既有相似性,又明显具有差别。本文通过对西北省区域地质和已发现矿床地质特征的介绍,对该省的找矿潜力进行初步分析。     

Three-dimensional model and late stage warping of the Plattengneis Shear Zone in the Eastern Alps

The Plattengneis shear zone is a 250–600 m thick, flat lying, Cretaceous, eclogite facies, mylonitic shear zone, with north-over-south transport direction, that is exposed over almost 1000 km² in the Koralpe region along the eastern margin of the Alps. Although the shear zone is one of the largest in the Alps, its role in the Eoalpine metamorphic evolution and the subsequent exhumation of the region, remain enigmatic and its large-scale geometry is not well understood. The outcrop pattern suggests that the shear zone is made up of a single sheet that is folded into a series of open syn- and antiforms with wavelengths of about 10 km. Eclogite bodies occur above, within and below the shear zone and there is no metamorphic grade change across the shear zone. In the south, the fold axes strike east–west and plunge shallowly to the east. In the north, the fold axes are oriented in north–south direction and form a dome shaped structure of the shear zone. Total shortening during this late stage warping event was of the order of 5%. Indirect evidence constrains this folding event to have occurred between 80 and 50 Ma and the fold geometry implies that the final exhumation in the Koralpe occurred somewhat later than further north. Interestingly, the shear zone appears to strike out of the topography in the south and dip into the topography in the north, so that north of the shear zone only hanging-wall rocks are exposed and south of it only foot-wall rocks. Possibilities for the geometric relationship of the Plattengneis shear zone with the surrounding south dipping detachments are discussed.     

Metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high-grade rocks from the central Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: crustal recycling of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material during the Pan-African orogeny

New data on the metamorphic petrology and zircon geochronology of high‐grade rocks in the central Mozambique Belt (MB) of Tanzania show that this part of the orogen consists of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was structurally reworked during the Pan‐African event. The metamorphic rocks are characterized by a clockwise P–T path, followed by strong decompression, and the time of peak granulite facies metamorphism is similar to other granulite terranes in Tanzania. The predominant rock types are mafic to intermediate granulites, migmatites, granitoid orthogneisses and kyanite/sillimanite‐bearing metapelites. The meta‐granitoid rocks are of calc‐alkaline composition, range in age from late Archean to Neoproterozoic, and their protoliths were probably derived from magmatic arcs during collisional processes. Mafic to intermediate granulites consist of the mineral assemblage garnet–clinopyroxene–plagioclase–quartz–biotite–amphibole ± K‐feldspar ± orthopyroxene ± oxides. Metapelites are composed of garnet‐biotite‐plagioclase ± K‐feldspar ± kyanite/sillimanite ± oxides. Estimated values for peak granulite facies metamorphism are 12–13 kbar and 750–800 °C. Pressures of 5–8 kbar and temperatures of 550–700 °C characterize subsequent retrogression to amphibolite facies conditions. Evidence for a clockwise P–T path is provided by late growth of sillimanite after kyanite in metapelites. Zircon ages indicate that most of the central part of the MB in Tanzania consists of reworked ancient crust as shown by Archean (c. 2970–2500 Ma) and Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2124–1837 Ma) protolith ages. Metamorphic zircon from metapelites and granitoid orthogneisses yielded ages of c. 640 Ma which are considered to date peak regional granulite facies metamorphism during the Pan‐African orogenic event. However, the available zircon ages for the entire MB in East Africa and Madagascar also document that peak metamorphic conditions were reached at different times in different places. Large parts of the MB in central Tanzania consist of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic material that was reworked during the Pan‐African event and that may have been part of the Tanzania Craton and Usagaran domain farther to the west.     

Assessment of Marine Clay Improvement Under Reclamation Fills by in-situ Testing Methods

In ground improvement projects with prefabricated vertical drains, the duration of the preloading period is set in advance based on the predetermined time rate of consolidation of the compressible layer. If prediction is accurately done, the required degree of consolidation is met at the pre-determined preloading time. As such, there is a requirement for in-situ tests to be carried out just prior to the removal of surcharge to assess the degree of consolidation of the improved ground. In-situ tests were carried out after 23 months of surcharge loading at the In-Situ Test Site within the Changi East Reclamation Project in the Republic of Singapore. In-situ testing works in this research study comprises the use of field vane shear, piezocone, flat dilatometer and self-boring pressuremeter. The in-situ tests were carried out to determine the shear strength and degree of consolidation of the Singapore marine clay at Changi after 23 months of surcharge loading. The In-Situ Test Site consisted of a Vertical Drain Area as well as an untreated Control Area. Both areas were located adjacent to each other and were surcharged simultaneously to the same level and surcharge left in place for a period of 23 months. Comparison was made between the in-situ test results of the Vertical Drain Area and the untreated Control Area.     

甘新北山金窝子韧性剪切带型金矿床成因

金窝子金矿床位于中朝_塔里木板块与哈萨克斯坦板块俯冲碰撞带南缘的甘新北山中带东段,受矿源岩系和区域性韧性剪切带的形成和演化的双重控制。下二叠统金窝子组中金元素含量高,又普遍发生浅变质作用和较强烈的构造变形作用,所以金窝子组能够提供成矿物质。区域性构造变形过程中,大规模深层次的韧性剪切变形促使金窝子组中金元素活化迁移,连同SiO2、K、Na等活性组分和岩石中H2O一起,形成含金动力变质热液;当含金热液上升并进入到NEE向低角度逆冲韧脆性断裂中,则发生交代蚀变和矿化,形成蚀变糜棱岩型和网脉型金矿化;而含金热液上升进入到NNW向高角度张性_张扭性脆性断裂中,则发生充填型矿化,形成石英大脉型金矿化。所以金窝子金矿的最主要控矿因素是矿源岩系和韧性剪切带。因此,金窝子金矿床属于韧性剪切带型金矿床,其成矿作用与控矿因素都与韧性剪切带有关。     

双剪双参数强度准则硬化函数的探讨

目前双剪强度理论在工程实际中得到了广泛的应用。基于双剪理论和相关流动法则,采用各向同性强化法则,选用等效塑性应变作为强化参数,从一致性条件出发,推导出双剪双参数强度准则本构模型硬化函数的显式表达式,并利用单轴加载试验数据得到硬化函数与硬化参数之间的微分关系,推导出考虑硬化的双剪双参数强度准则本构模型的弹塑性刚度矩阵,给出了求解双剪强度理论硬化函数的另一思路。通过工程算例验证,得出一些结论对实际计算具有一定的指导意义。     

粗粒土三轴试验数值模拟与试样颗粒初始架构初探

试样颗粒初始架构是粗粒土室内三轴试验中一个难以人为控制的因素。基于元胞自动机方法,结合粗粒土的室内三轴试验开发了能制备不同颗粒初始架构粗粒土试样的HHC-CA模型,该模型制备的粗粒土试样表征了粗粒土各粒组分布的不均匀性和随机性,再借助FLAC3D进行粗粒土三轴数值模拟试验,并探讨了试样剪切带内的砾石含量和试样砾石含量对内摩擦角的影响。数值模拟结果表明,同一粒径级配下,粗粒土的内摩擦角值与剪切带内的砾石含量呈增函数关系;试样砾石含量的增加可能会出现内摩擦角减小的现象,但同一粒径级配下的内摩擦角均值随试样砾石含量的增加而明显增大。     

轴压比对中等高度LC结构剪力墙抗震性能的影响

轻骨料混凝土(L ight-we ight concrete,简称LC)剪力墙的轴压比是剪力墙抗震设计时一个重要的控制因素,直接关系到其延性性能。为使设计规程具有足够的理论依据,本文通过对六榀轻骨料混凝土剪力墙试件的试验,研究了在低周反复荷载作用下,着重考虑不同轴压比对中等高度有边框剪力墙的破坏形态和变形性能的影响效应,对其滞回特性进行分析,计算了各剪力墙的刚度退化率与延性系数,并将无竖缝剪力墙与带竖缝剪力墙的抗震性能进行了对比。     

剪切型多自由度体系瞬时输入能量的分布

通过对剪切型多自由度体系的地震能量反应分析,提出了描述多自由度体系整体脉冲能量反应的参数,瞬时输入能量等效平均速度,并在此基础上建立了瞬时输入能量分布系数的概念,提出了估计瞬时输入能量分布的方法。     

剪切作用下钙质砂颗粒破碎试验研究

钙质砂是一种海洋沉积物,与陆源砂比起来,钙质砂受力后易产生颗粒破碎,从而使其力学性质发生变化。对取自南沙群岛永暑礁附近海域的钙质砂进行了不同围压、不同应变下的三轴剪切试验,对试验前后的试样进行了颗粒大小分析试验。试验结果表明,钙质砂在三轴剪切作用下颗粒破碎十分严重,同时用Hardin模型对其破碎进行了度量,并就围压、剪切应变与破碎之间的关系进行了分析。