水文实验研究进展

阐述了水文实验的概念与内涵,归纳了水文实验的研究方法及其特点,系统地回顾了国内外流域水文实验的发展历程,梳理了应用实验方法进行植被截留与阻滞作用、降水径流关系、非饱和带水分运移以及气候变化和人类活动影响下的水文过程研究的进展,分析了当前水文实验发展的不足,提出未来水文实验的发展方向:传统的实验流域着重于地表水研究,没有深入水文循环系统的内部,应将水文实验的研究范围从地表扩展为关键带部分,并加强跨流域的补给、径流与排泄关系研究;多学科交叉的综合观测实验与协同研究是水文实验的发展趋势;当前水文实验的系统性与规范性仍显不足,应重视水文实验站网建设,加强水文实验的规范性,以促进实验数据交换和研究成果对比。     

The Sunda Shelf—A Submerged Amazon Basin?

A crucial and debatable issue in paleoclimatology is the change of terrestrial vegetation and the role of its carbon storage in glacial cycles. In the modern world, the Amazon Basin hosts the largest tropical rainforest and plays a major role of carbon sink, but during the glacial times another large tropical rainforest must have formed in the then emerged Sunda Shelf, SE Asia, and significantly changed the global carbon cycling. Accordingly, ocean drilling expeditions to the Sunda Shelf are being proposed in order to investigate the sea level changes, evolution of river network, vegetation and carbon storage, as well as biogeography of the tropical region over the last millions of years.     

Statistical study on great geomagnetic storms during solar cycle 23

Characteristics of great geomagnetic storms during solar cycle 23 were statistically investigated. Firstly, we focused on the uniqueness of solar cycle 23 by analyzing both the great storm number and sunspot number from 1957 to 2008. It was found that the relationship between the sunspot number and great storm number weakened as the activity of the storms strengthened. There was no obvious relationship between the annual sunspot number and great storm number with Dstxi≤-300 nT. Secondly, we studied the relationship between the peak Dst and peak Bz in detail. It was found that the condition Bz≤-10 nT is not necessary for storms with Dst≤-100 nT, but seems necessary for storms with Dst≤-150 nT. The duration for Bz≤-10 nT has no direct relationship with the giant storm. The correlation coefficient between the Dst peak and Bz peak for the 89 storms studied is 0.81. After removing the effect of solar wind dynamic pressure on the Dst peak, we obtained a better correlation coefficient of 0.86. We also found the difference between the Dst peak and the corrected Dst peak was proportional to the Dst peak.     

不同数据预处理方法对北斗卫星精密定轨精度的影响

提出综合利用高次差法和多项式拟合法对COMPASS MEO卫星进行周跳探测的原理及实现方法,并采用COMPASS监测站实测数据使用不同的数据预处理策略对COMPASS MEO卫星进行精密定轨试验。结果表明,根据实测数据情况,合理选择周跳探测方法和预处理策略,可以改善定轨精度。     

内蒙古半干旱草原的氨气挥发研究(英文)

为了了解草原生态系统氨气挥发情况、历史放牧的影响及其影响机制,2005和2006年生长季期间,在长达17年放牧处理的样地上测定了5个放牧强度下的氨气挥发量。结果表明:氨气挥发随季节变化波动很大,春季和初秋高,晚秋和夏季低,变化范围为0.88-3.52 gN ha~(-1)d~(-1)。土壤pH值、NH_4~+-N浓度、湿度以及容重对氨气挥发控制作用较强。但是容重的影响与其他3个因子的影响作用相反,而容重的大小直接受不同放牧强度影响。虽然不同的放牧强度对氨气释放的影响在统计学上来说并不显著,但是,相对不放牧的情况而言,氨气挥发量在放牧情况下更大。而土壤氮浓度、植物生物量却在放牧的情况下更低。这些都意味着放牧草地生态系统比不放牧草地生态系统恢复起来会更慢。这种关于草原生态系统氨气挥发的研究意义重大,因为它有助于加强了解氮素丢失对草原各进程的抑制作用,同时对制订适宜的放牧及施肥措施从而达到合理利用资源的目的也具有重要的参考价值。     

碳足迹研究进展及其对低碳旅游研究的启示

旅游业不仅是气候变化的受害者,也是造成气候变化的重要原因。基于生命周期评价理论的碳足迹研究,可以对产品或服务从“摇篮”到“坟墓”的整个生命过程所排放的直接和间接的CO2量进行估算。通过整理国内外对碳足迹研究起源,碳足迹内涵,碳足迹分类,碳足迹研究理论与方法,区域碳足迹,碳足迹与贸易、碳足迹与家庭生活,碳足迹计算器,碳足迹标签等方面的研究,总结国内外在碳足迹研究上的差异,并从旅游碳足迹研究,低碳旅游政策,碳汇旅游,低碳旅游衡量标准等方面提出低碳旅游研究的启示。     

岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的固碳增汇效应研究——基于实地监测数据的分析

为了探索岩溶地区石漠化综合治理的碳汇效应,以贵州毕节石桥小流域、清镇王家寨—羊昌洞小流域、贞丰顶坛小流域为研究对象,通过分析实地监测数据,分别测算了各研究区总碳存量,分析并比较了碳储量在各碳库以及不同等级石漠化之间的分布情况和大小关系。研究发现:三个研究区总碳存量仅为32 434.9tC;各碳库碳存量:土壤层>>植被层(草本层>>灌木层);碳密度在不同等级石漠化间关系表现为:轻度＞中度＞强度;总碳密度在各研究区中的大小关系表现为:毕节＞清镇＞贞丰,其中土壤层碳密度起决定性因素。此外,本文最后还提出在未来石漠化综合治理中增加碳汇监测指标、扩大石漠化综合治理碳汇研究的范围、加强岩溶作用碳汇效应基础研究等建议。      

A new carbon and oxygen balance model based on ecological service of urban vegetation

The application of human induced oxygen consumption and carbon emission theory in urban region was summed up and on this base a new model of urban carbon and oxygen balance (UCOB) was constructed by calculating the carbon and oxygen fluxes. The purpose was to highlight the role of vegetation in urban ecosystems and evaluate the effects of various human activities on urban annual oxygen consumption and carbon emission. Hopefully,the model would be helpful in theory to keep the regional balance of carbon and oxygen,and provide guidance and support for urban vegetation planning in the future. To test the UCOB model,the Jimei District of Xiamen City,Fujian Province,China,a very typical urban region,was selected as a case study. The results turn out that Jimei′s vegetation service in oxygen emission and carbon sequestration could not meet the demand of the urban population,and more than 31.49 times of vegetation area should be added to meet the whole oxygen consumption in Jimei while 9.60 times of vegetation area are needed to meet the carbon sequestration targets. The results show that the new UCOB model is of a great potential to be applied to quantitative planning of urban vegetation and regional eco-compensation mechanisms.     

新疆西克尔地区下奥陶统鹰山组岩溶分带性研究

塔里木盆地岩溶缝洞型储层作为重要的油气储层备受关注,而目前预测此类型储层的方法较有限。在新疆伽什县西克尔野外露头区地表岩溶现象丰富,志留系地层以填平补齐的方式充填在一系列的溶沟和溶槽中,部分洼地中还有志留系地层残留,表明该区发育加里东中期岩溶。在本区岩溶古地貌的基础上,基于排泄基准面的分析,划分出3级岩溶台面并对应发育3期岩溶。据现代地貌学和岩溶学理论,按照水动力条件的不同并结合本区岩溶发育特征,运用岩溶旋回的观点将第二期岩溶剖面分为表层岩溶带、垂直渗滤带和水平潜流带,认识到西克尔地区古岩溶地下水发育规律及洞穴发育程度。构造运动是垂向岩溶分带性的主控因素;因此,在大的构造背景的前提下,可以有效地预测巴楚地区的缝洞型储层。     

Alongshore variability of cross‐shore bar behavior on a nontidal beach

We report on a 6‐year nearshore bathymetric dataset from the Danube Delta (Romanian Black Sea coast) that comprises 16 km of erosive, stable and accumulative low‐lying micro‐tidal beaches northward of Sf. Gheorghe arm mouth. Two to three two‐dimensional longshore sandbars exhibit a net multi‐annual cyclic (2.8–5.5 years) offshore migration (20–50 m yr^?1) in a similar way to other coasts worldwide. Bar morphology and behavior on the sediment‐rich accretionary (dissipative) sector differ substantially from that on the erosive (intermediate) sector. Shoreface slope is the most important factor controlling sandbar number and behavior. It determines different wave‐breaking patterns in the surf zone, translated into different offshore sediment transport and bar zone widths along the study site. Additionally, sediment availability, as a result of the distance from the arm mouth and of the long‐term evolution of the coast, controls the sandbar volume variability. These are all ultimately reflected in the variations of sandbar migration rates and cycle periods. A non‐dimensional morpho‐sedimentary parameter is finally presented, which expresses the bar system change potential as offshore sediment transport potential across the bar zone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.