气象干旱综合监测指数在安徽省的适用性分析

利用1981—2016年安徽省77站日降水量、平均气温和土壤墒情资料,通过相关分析和主成分分析方法构建了该区域旱季(10月至次年3月)、涝季(4-9月)气象干旱综合指数MCI_anhui,从频率分布、干旱日数演变、不合理跳跃次数及代表站典型干旱过程等方面,对4种气象干旱指数在安徽省的适用性展开对比分析。结果表明:MCI_anhui在反映较重等级气象干旱时优于其他指数,能很好地诊断出安徽历史上典型大旱年;基于该指数的干旱日数时空演变表现为沿淮北夏旱和春末旱最多,江淮之间春末夏初旱情最多,沿江江南秋旱最多;36年所有干旱过程中不合理跳跃次数不足10次,就典型干旱过程中对降水反应的敏感性而言,它在表现干旱缓慢发展的特征时优于其他指数,不合理波动较少,且干旱后期缓和或解除过程中也不如其他指数过于敏感。综合来看,MCI_anhui对干旱过程具有较好的识别与诊断能力,在安徽省适用性良好。     

一次东北冷涡背景下的飑线天气过程诊断分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料及FY-2E水汽图等资料,对2016年6月13 14日发生在山东的一次飑线天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明:此次大范围强对流过程是在东北冷涡背景下接连两次飑线影响而产生的,地面中尺度辐合线是触发不稳定能量释放的重要机制;强对流区上空的高CAPE值、中层干冷和低层暖湿的温湿垂直分布及中等以上强度的深层垂直风切变,都是这次强对流发生和维持的有利环境条件;强对流过程的干侵入主要来自于高空冷涡后部的偏北气流,引导冷空气向南入侵,随着干侵入的增强,其前侧的对流也随之增强;水汽图上"暗缝"的移动方向与500 h Pa气流的方向关系密切。     

Predicting forest carbon stocks from high resolution satellite data in dry forests of Zimbabwe: exploring the effect of the red-edge band in forest carbon stocks estimation

In this study, we tested whether the inclusion of the red-edge band as a covariate to vegetation indices improves the predictive accuracy in forest carbon estimation and mapping in savanna dry forests of Zimbabwe. Initially, we tested whether and to what extent vegetation indices (simple ratio SR, soil-adjusted vegetation index and normalized difference vegetation index) derived from high spatial resolution satellite imagery (WorldView-2) predict forest carbon stocks. Next, we tested whether inclusion of reflectance in the red-edge band as a covariate to vegetation indices improve the model's accuracy in forest carbon prediction. We used simple regression analysis to determine the nature and the strength of the relationship between forest carbon stocks and remotely sensed vegetation indices. We then used multiple regression analysis to determine whether integrating vegetation indices and reflection in the red-edge band improve forest carbon prediction. Next, we mapped the spatial variation in forest carbon stocks using the best regression model relating forest carbon stocks to remotely sensed vegetation indices and reflection in the red-edge band. Our results showed that vegetation indices alone as an explanatory variable significantly (p < 0.05) predicted forest carbon stocks with R² ranging between 45 and 63% and RMSE ranging from 10.3 to 12.9%. However, when the reflectance in the red-edge band was included in the regression models the explained variance increased to between 68 and 70% with the RMSE ranging between 9.56 and 10.1%. A combination of SR and reflectance in the red edge produced the best predictor of forest carbon stocks. We concluded that integrating vegetation indices and reflectance in the red-edge band derived from high spatial resolution can be successfully used to estimate forest carbon in dry forests with minimal error.     

青海贵德ZR1干热岩井钻进工艺研究

青海贵德ZR1干热岩井具有高温、高硬度、高研磨性的特点。在施工中优选聚磺钻井液体系,在高温高压下保持良好的流变性与较低的滤失量,满足干热岩井施工要求,应用效果好。通过分析地层岩性、岩石物性等因素,选择了适于该井高硬度、高研磨性地层钻进的牙轮钻头,并取得1.24 m/h平均机械钻速。通过实验与实践,掌握了高温井（130 ℃）固井工艺,固井止水质量检查合格。使用川5-4型取心器成功在高温、高压、较破碎地层完成了取心作业,取心率45%～83%。     

Effect of dry density,soil texture and time-spatial variable water content on the soil thermal conductivity

Study of the heat transfer process in saturated and unsaturated soils requires, basically, a relationship between thermal conductivity and the characteristics of the soil, such as water content, dry density and texture of the soil. This study intends to produce a generic model that can predict soil thermal conductivity with the help of easily measurable parameters. The proposed model is first calibrated using measured thermal conductivities from literature data. In order to validate the proposed model the predicted thermal conductivity of this proposed model as well as existing ones are compared with the measured thermal conductivity in literature for different soils. Validation of the proposed model was also performed on our experimental results obtained for a compacted Misillac sand and in-situ clay loam soils. The results show an average of 15% improvement in prediction accuracy for the proposed model compared to the existing models, considering all soil textures. Moreover, we perform a model to estimate thermal conductivity over time throughout the profile of soil in the context of seasonal variation of temperature. The proposed model shows an important effect of heterogeneity on the thermal conductivity variations of a double layered soil.     

西北太平洋及中国东部近海秋季海洋气溶胶分布特征

2015年9月,分两个航次同时对西北太平洋及中国东部近海上空海洋气溶胶进行采集.对样品中的Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、NH~+_4、NO~-_3、SO~(2-)_4、甲基磺酸(MSA)等9种组分进行了分析,结合数理统计方法探究两个海域上空海洋气溶胶的来源.结果表明西北太平洋及中国东部近海海域气溶胶来源具有显著差异,西北太平洋海域气溶胶以海盐来源为主,中国东部近海海域则受陆源气溶胶影响较大,K~+、Ca~(2+)及二次气溶胶含量明显高于西北太平洋;此外,中国东部近海海域气溶胶中MSA含量平均值高于西北太平洋.本研究还估算了NH~+_4、NO~-_3、SO~(2-)_4在两个海域的干沉降通量,中国东部近海营养盐气溶胶干沉降通量远大于西北太平洋,营养盐的输入有利于海洋初级生产力的提高,也会促进生物来源气溶胶的产生.     

膨胀土膨胀特性的变化规律研究

研究了击实膨胀土的膨胀压力p与50 kPa下的膨胀率 随干密度、饱和度及含水量的变化规律。结果表明：p和 与干密度 、含水量 、饱和度 的关系及p- 间的关系皆可用幂指数函数描述;在不同条件下, , , 中的某一个或两个因素可更好地描述p和 的变化规律,一般在高含水量范围含水量因素与干密度因素等价;在低含水量范围含水量因素与饱和度因素等价;含水量一定时干密度因素与饱和度因素等价;存在一临界干密度,干密度大于临介干密度时,膨胀力随饱和度的增加而减小,反之则增加。     

长江大通-河口段枯季的径流量变化

Based on hydrometric data and extensive investigations on water-extracting projects, this paper presents a preliminary study on water discharge changes between Datong and Xuliujing during dry season. The natural hydrological processes and human factors that influence the water discharge are analyzed with the help of GIS method. The investigations indicate that the water-extracting projects downstream from Datong to Xuliujing had amounted to 64 in number by the end of 2000,with a water-extracting capacity up to 4,626 m3/s averaged in a tidal cycle. The water extraction from the Changjiang River has become the most important factor influencing the water discharge downstream Datong during dry season. The potential magnitude in water discharge changes are estimated based on historical records of water extraction and a water balance model. The computational results were calibrated with the actual data. The future trend in changes of water discharge into the sea during dry season was discussed by taking into consideration of newly built hydro-engineering projects. The water extraction downstream Datong in dry season before 2000 had a great influence on discharges into the sea in the extremely dry year like 1978-1979. It produced a net decrease of more than 490 m^3/s in monthly mean discharges from the Changjiang into the sea. It is expected that the water extraction will continually increase in the coming decades, especially in dry years, when the net decrease in monthly mean water discharge will increase to more than 1000 m^3/s and will give a far-reaching effect on the changes of water discharge from the Changjiang into the sea.     

内蒙古河套灌区水盐平衡与干排水脱盐分析

内蒙古河套灌区由于气候和水文地质条件影响,外排水不畅,地下水位超过临界水位,土壤次生盐渍化严重,河套灌区续建配套和节水改造是防治土壤盐渍化根本工程措施。根据1987~1997年期间的水盐均衡计算,河套灌区,整体处于积盐过程。灌区荒地和低洼湿地有排水积盐作用,从而减轻耕地盐渍化,通过蒸发,可积聚进入灌区盐分的65%。这种干排盐技术,可作为灌区农田土壤盐渍化脱盐的一项重要措施。调整河套灌区种植结构,选择耐盐作物品种种植,可起生物排盐作用,增加土壤有机质,抑制土壤积盐。