污染源、干沉降和气相化学影响硫沉降的数值研究

利用欧拉型区域硫沉降模式对污染源、干沉降和气相化学等物理化学过程在酸沉降中的作用进行了数值分析。结果表明:排放源的强度和高度影响着污染物的分布和输送,其影响是非线性的。在区域酸沉降模式中,干沉降速度和气相化学转化率简单地取为常数对SO#-[2]及SO#+[2-]#-[4]浓度分布引起的误差是不可忽视的。     

用古里雅冰芯的pH值及电导率探讨该冰川作用区的干湿变化(英)

Soluble salts on the surface ground in Guliya ice cap area change with climatic factors, especially with dry and wet conditions. pH and electric conductivity values of the Guliya ice core depend on soluble salts originated from surrounding arid or semi-arid regions, therefore the dry and wet changes can be approached by them. Results show that the approached dry and wet changes since the little ice age are consistent with that deduced from δ18O and accumulation rate.     

对流风暴的移动和演变对下游地区对流降水影响的个例分析

利用加密自动气象观测站资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、葵花卫星资料及 ERA5 再分析资料,对 2019 年海上卫星发射气象保障过程中 6 月 1 日上游对流风暴的移动和演变造成山东半岛对流降水的机制进行了分析。结果表明：1）辐合线与干线重合触发新生对流单体形成潍坊风暴,潍坊风暴东移过程中强度增强和聊城风暴进入烟台后转向造成山东半岛一带出现对流降水。2）潍坊风暴在偏西气流引导下向偏东方向移动,沿着辐合线向着高温高湿的方向传播,强度增强。聊城风暴进入烟台后,在西西北气流的引导下转向东南方向移动,向着水汽辐合区传播,风暴水平尺度增长。3）聊城风暴进入烟台后传播方向与 850 hPa风的方向相反,潍坊风暴发展阶段的传播方向与850 hPa风的反方向不同,二者之间有交角,850 hPa风速太小不足以影响风暴的传播运动。4）在重大活动气象保障过程中,短时临近监测非常重要。高分辨率卫星云图积云新生时间早于雷达观测到的新生单体的时间,可以提前发现对流初生和传播的先兆。多普勒天气雷达和加密自动气象观测站资料相互结合,可以综合判断对流风暴的平流和传播运动。对于本地动力强迫较弱或者处于天气系统边缘时,要考虑上游对流风暴的移动对下游地区的影响。     

Identifying tropical dry forests extent and succession via the use of machine learning techniques

Information on ecosystem services as a function of the successional stage for secondary tropical dry forests (TDFs) is scarce and limited. Secondary TDFs succession is defined as regrowth following a complete forest clearance for cattle growth or agriculture activities. In the context of large conservation initiatives, the identification of the extent, structure and composition of secondary TDFs can serve as key elements to estimate the effectiveness of such activities. As such, in this study we evaluate the use of a Hyperspectral MAPper (HyMap) dataset and a waveform LIDAR dataset for characterization of different levels of intra-secondary forests stages at the Santa Rosa National Park (SRNP) Environmental Monitoring Super Site located in Costa Rica. Specifically, a multi-task learning based machine learning classifier (MLC-MTL) is employed on the first shortwave infrared (SWIR1) of HyMap in order to identify the variability of aboveground biomass of secondary TDFs along a successional gradient. Our paper recognizes that the process of ecological succession is not deterministic but a combination of transitional forests types along a stochastic path that depends on ecological, edaphic, land use, and micro-meteorological conditions, and our results provide a new way to obtain the spatial distribution of three main types of TDFs successional stages.     

Elephants move faster in small fragments of low productivity in Amboseli ecosystems: Kenya

Understanding factors affecting the behaviour and movement patterns of the African elephant is important for wildlife conservation, especially in increasingly human-dominated savanna landscapes. Currently, knowledge on how landscape fragmentation and vegetation productivity affect elephant speed of movement remains poorly understood. In this study, we tested whether landscape fragmentation and vegetation productivity explains elephant speed of movement in the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya. We used GPS collar data from five elephants to quantify elephant speed of movement for three seasons (wet, dry and transitional). We then used multiple regression to model the relationship between speed of movement and landscape fragmentation, as well as vegetation productivity for each season. Results of this study demonstrate that landscape fragmentation and vegetation productivity predicted elephant speed of movement poorly (R² < 0.4) when used as solitary covariates. However, a combination of the covariates significantly (p < 0.05) explained variance in elephant speed of movement with improved R² values of 0.69, 0.45, 0.47 for wet, transition and dry seasons, respectively.     

Evaluating the impact of an agricultural land‐use change adaptation strategy on household crop production in semi‐arid Ghana

In this study, the Land Use Dynamic Simulator model was applied to investigate the impact of farm credit as an adaptation strategy to cope with effects of climate variability on agricultural land‐use change and crop production in the Vea watershed in Ghana. The authors identified the determinants of crop choices within the landscape (e.g., farm household and biophysical characteristics of farm plot). The crop choice sub‐model was then linked to the crop yield sub‐model to determine the yields of selected crops. In adapting to the impacts of climate variability, the maize credit adoption sub‐model under the maize cultivation credit scenario was integrated into decision‐making. This was simulated for a 20‐year period, and compared with the business‐as‐usual scenario. Under the simulated maize credit scenario, maize adopters increased from about 20 per cent to about 50 per cent and the area allocated for maize cultivation significantly increased by about 266 per cent. Consequently, the average annual aggregated household crop yield increased by 6.3 per cent higher than in the business‐as‐usual scenario. This simulation study shows that access to maize credit can significantly influence agricultural land‐use change and food availability in the study area. However, although access to farm credit may translate into food availability, the sustainability of this strategy is questionable.     

近50年广东春运期间气温和降水协同变化的气候特征

根据近50年(1971—2020年)广东省86个气象站的观测数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据和NOAA海温数据,采用线性趋势分析、合成分析等统计方法,研究了广东春运期间气温和降水的时空分布特征,从气温降水协同变化的角度切入划分了气候异常类型,并对比分析了其异常成因。结果表明：近50年来,广东省春运期间平均气温呈现显著上升趋势,珠江三角洲和粤东地区最明显。而降水日数则表现出显著减少趋势,粤西北、粤东和粤西沿海最明显。气温和降水协同变化的异常年(冷湿(4年)、冷干(6年)和暖干(11年))共有21年,占全部年份的42%。冷湿年和冷干年,欧亚大陆中高纬度都表现出经向环流特征,西伯利亚高压偏强,有利于冷空气活跃南下。不同的是冷湿年东亚西部地区“北高南低”,低纬度地区“东高西低”,对应的冷空气路径为中、西路,有利于水汽输送;而冷干年东亚东部地区“北高南低”,低纬度地区一致偏低,对应的冷空气路径偏东,不利于水汽输送。另外,冷湿年前期赤道中东太平洋偏暖,呈现El Ni?o状态,受其影响西太平洋副热带高压偏大偏强,西太暖池偏冷,在菲律宾海区域激发出一个反气旋性环流,有利于西南水汽输送到广东地区,降水偏多;而冷干年则相反。暖干年,东亚中高纬表现出“北低南高”的纬向环流分布,东亚大槽和西伯利亚高压偏弱,不利于冷空气的生成和南下,广东上空受反气旋式环流控制,辐散下沉,温高雨少。     

罗布泊干盐湖表层盐壳含水率季节性变化及吸水特征研究

根据罗布泊遥感影像图,在干盐湖区域选择"黑纹"和"白纹"观测区为典型研究对象,对其表层盐壳含水率、地下水位埋深、气象参量的动态变化进行了1年多的系统观测,结果发现两个观测区的表层盐壳的季节含水率存在一定的差异,其吸附水含水率均大于结晶水含水率,两观测区的吸附水含水率差异在1%左右,但黑纹观测区盐壳结晶水含水率是白纹观测区的3倍以上;黑纹观测区的地下水水位埋深相对稳定,表层盐壳的吸附水变化与地下水水位变化无明显的直接关系。另在高湿度、不同温度的野外环境和室内模拟环境下开展的盐壳吸水能力实验都发现,黑纹观测区盐壳的吸水能力明显强于白纹观测区,甚至达到10倍以上的差异,分析表明这和表层盐壳盐类矿物成分(如硫酸镁)的差异性密切相关。     

江汉平原大气污染源分析

通过选择不同的环境功能区布置大气干湿沉降样点,分析重金属污染元素和有机氯农药的颗粒态与溶解态指标,计算季沉降通量和年沉降总量,了解其随季节变化的规律,分析比较不同地貌条件、不同城市及不同污染源区对其沉降的源贡献。结果表明:大气对江汉平原重金属的输入途径以降水为主;重金属元素颗粒物在平原区的沉降通量略高于岗丘地区;武汉市高于其他城市;工业污染源区明显高于一般农田区;三类污染源区相比,颗粒态为烟尘>化工尘>交通尘,溶解态为化工尘>交通尘>烟尘(个别元素除外),且大气降水中的营养元素N、K、Fe在化工工业区较为富集,而P的沉降在烟尘和化工工业区则受到一定程度的抑制。两种主要有机氯农药不同异构体间的组分关系表明本区环境中近期仍有林丹输入。