山西春季典型干湿年份水汽输送特征差异

应用山两62个气象站1961—2008年春季降水资料,同期NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,用合成分析等方法探讨了山西春季典型干湿年份水汽输送特征差异。研究发现：春季典型干旱年,青藏高原南侧副热带偏西风及其在进入我国东部长江以南地区转向的西南风水汽输送减弱,高原北侧西风带水汽输送亦减弱,而西太平洋副高北侧西风水汽输送显著加强,西侧偏南风水汽输送减弱,使江南西南风向华北的水汽输送显著减少,山西偏北风水汽输送加大出现春旱;同时我国东部长江流域及向北到黄河流域、我国东部沿海水汽通量辐散加强,而华南及沿海水汽通量辐合加强;春季典型湿润年则相反。春季典型干旱年山西西风水汽通量减少和北风水汽通量增加量级相当,典型湿润年山西南风水汽通量增加明显大于西风水汽通量的增加。     

应用FY-2地表蒸散产品监测西南特大干旱

基于能量平衡原理的卫星遥感地表蒸散产品具有清晰明确的物理含义,广泛地应用于遥感干旱监测领域。本研究以中国能量与水平衡监测系统（CEWBMS）和近11年的静止卫星遥感数据集为基础,利用FY-2/VISSR数据生成相对蒸散距平百分率（Percentage of Relative Evapotranspiration Anomaly,PRETA）产品,应用于全国范围的旱情连续监测。与极轨卫星同类产品相比,基于FY-2的PRETA产品在监测范围和频次上都具有明显的优势。由于距平百分率的引入,PRETA干旱指数等级划分不再与季节和地域气候类型等因素相关。针对2009年秋季至2010年春季西南大旱的监测结果进行了对比分析和统计,结果表明PRETA干旱指数真实客观地反映了旱情时空变化,面平均的PRETA和降水距平百分率时间序列变化趋势显示出良好的一致性,PRETA与10 cm土壤相对湿度有较高的相关性。本研究为实时、大范围、高分辨率、定量和动态卫星遥感监测干旱提供了切实可行的方法。     

近40年西昌北郊降水变化分析

利用西昌市北郊某观测站1974~2009年近40年的逐日降水资料,采用通用的极端气候指数,逐年统计各级降水的发生日数资料。采用气候趋势分析法、滑动平均法、多项式拟合法及Morlet小波变换等方法诊断分析各类降水事件的气候变化特征。结果表明：雨日、冰雹的减少趋势显著;总降水量、年最大日降水量、强降水日数R95%、中等雨日数R75%、雨季总降水量呈上升趋势,但并不显著,降雪日数的下降趋势也不显著;暴雨日数的长期变化趋势不明显;各类降水事件及极端天气存在一定的振荡周期。针对现阶段气候变化特点,提出了应对建议。     

江淮流域典型旱涝年夏季大气水汽输送和收支特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对1994年和1998年这两个典型旱涝年江淮流域水汽输送和收支状况等进行了诊断分析。结果表明：干旱年该地区主要为南北向水汽输送所控制,而洪涝年江淮流域上空有较强的东西向输送,干旱年5—8月由西、南边界的水汽输入明显比洪涝年少,这是造成该地区旱涝的重要原因,因而在未来的江淮流域旱涝预测中要特别重视西、南边界的水汽输送。     

基于GIS的宁夏干旱监测预警系统设计与应用

宁夏下旱监测预警系统考虑了孕灾环境、致灾因子、承载体特征3个方面影响因素,以地理信息、遥感资料、作物特性、土壤特征等作为输入数据,通过综合模型进行监测预警.从系统框架模型、系统体系结构、数据处理流程、数据访问、系统功能5个方面对系统进行了设计,吸收了多个项目研究成果,建立了干旱监测预警模型,实现集气象数据收集、处理、输...     

Simulation of Extreme Climate Events over China with Different Regional Climate Models

During phase Ⅱof the Regional Climate Model Inter-comparison Project (RMIP) for Asia,the Asian climate was estimated from July 1988 to December 1998 using six climate models.In this paper,the abilities of six climate models to simulate several important extreme climate events in China during the last years of the last century were analyzed.The modeled results for the intensity of the precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze-Huaihe Valley during the summers of 1991 and 1998 were weaker than the observed values.The positive precipitation anomaly responsible for a catastrophic flood in 1991 was well reproduced in almost all simulation results,but the intensity and range of the precipitation anomaly in 1998 were weaker in the modeled results.The spatial distribution of extreme climate events in 1997,when severe drought affected North China and flood impacted South China,was reproduced by most of the regional models because the anomaly of the large-scale background field was well-simulated,despite poor simulation of high temperature areas in the north during the summer by all models.     

A probabilistic model for the prediction of meteorological droughts in Venezuela

Droughts occur when rainfalls diminish or cease for several days, months or years. In the last five years several meteorological droughts have occurred in Venezuela, impacting negatively water supply, hydro-power and agriculture sectors. In order to provide institutions with tools to manage the water resources, a probabilistic model has been developed and validated to predict in advance the occurrence of meteorological droughts in the country using monthly series of 632 rainfall stations. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) was used to identify dry events of each rainfall series. A principal component analysis associated to a geographic information system was used to define geographically continuous homogeneous sub-regions (HS) for the values of SPI. For each HS a representative station was selected (reference station, RS). A lagged correlation analysis was applied to the SPI series of the RS and the corresponding series of anomaly indices of 10 macroclimatic variables (MV). The four MV with higher correlation in each RS were organized into three levels (-1, 0 and +1), using the quartiles Q₂ and Q₄ as values of truncation. The SPI series are expressed in four ranges: non-dry, moderately dry, severely dry and extremely dry. The conditional probability of occurrence of the four ranges of SPI was determined in every combination that can occur in the four VM best correlated. The resulting model in each RS was validated using the SPI series from 20 meteorological stations operated by the Servicio de Meteorología de la Fuerza Aérea Venezolana (Meteorological Service of the Venezuelan Air Force) which were not used in the development of the models. Results indicate that models detected the occurrence of ES with an accuracy ranging from 85.19 to 100%; the success is directly proportional to the length of records used in the development of the model. This methodology could be applied in any country that has long, continuous and homogeneous rainfall series.     

基于清代故宫旱灾档案的中国旱灾时空格局

气候变化背景下的旱灾时空格局研究受到政府和学术界的高度重视。利用清代故宫旱灾档案建立了清代旱灾数据库,运用GIS技术重建了1689-1911年中国旱灾时空格局。研究表明:① 从旱灾发生的时间上看,受灾范围呈现3次较大波动,出现了9个干旱灾害典型年;② 从旱灾发生的空间上看,旱灾频发中心主要集中在3个区域,即西北地区的甘肃、宁夏,华北地区的山东、河北、河南、天津,以及江淮地区的安徽、江苏;③ 从干旱灾害发生的季节上来看,夏季旱灾是清代干旱灾害的主导类型。研究结果认为利用故宫旱灾档案复原的清代旱灾时空格局基本符合史实。     

近年来山西中部地区水雨情及旱情旱灾分析

分析了山西中部地区20世纪70年代以后的降雨、流量、蒸发量的时空分布。山西中部地区降雨偏少,年际丰枯变化大,年内分布不均。70年代以来径流在逐渐减少,2000年以后径流的减少更为明显。90年代以后蒸发量增大。分析了90年代以来该地区发生的农业受旱、粮食旱灾情况,降雨、流量、蒸发量是影响旱情旱灾发生的重要因素。     

Impact of Meteorological Drought on Streamflow Drought in Jinghe River Basin of China

Under global climate change, drought has become one of the most serious natural hazards, affecting the ecological environ- ment and human life. Drought can be categorized as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological or socio-economic drought. Among the different categories of drought, hydrological drought, especially streamflow drought, has been given more attention by local govern- ments, researchers and the public in recent years. Identifying the occurrence of streamflow drought and issuing early warning can pro- vide timely information for effective water resources management. In this study, streamflow drought is detected by using the Standard- ized Runoff Index, whereas meteorological drought is detected by the Standardized Precipitation Index. Comparative analyses of fre- quency, magnitude, onset and duration are conducted to identify the impact of meteorological drought on streamflow drought. This study focuses on the Jinghe River Basin in Northwest China, mainly providing the following findings. 1） Eleven meteorological droughts and six streamflow droughts were indicated during 1970 and 1990 after pooling using Inter-event time and volume Criterion method. 2） Streamflow drought in the Jinghe River Basin lagged meteorological drought for about 127 days. 3） The frequency of streamflow drought in Jinghe River Basin was less than meteorological drought. However, the average duration of streamflow drought is longer. 4） The magnitude of streamflow drought is greater than meteorological drought. These results not only play an important theo- retical role in understanding relationships between different drought categories, but also have practical implications for streamflow drought mitigation and regional water resources management.