直驱式波浪能转换系统的研究和性能优化

A direct-drive wave energy conversion system based on a three-phase permanent magnet tubular linear generator （PMTLG） and a heaving buoy is proposed to convert wave energy into electrical energy. Sufficient experimental methods are adopted to compare the computer simulations, the validity of which is verified by the experiment results from a wave tank laboratory. In the experiment, the motion curves of heaving buoy are with small fluctuations, mainly caused by the PMTLG＇s detent force. For the reduction of these small fluctuations and a maximum operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system, the PMTLG＇s detent force minimization technique and the heaving buoy optimization will be discussed. It is discovered that the operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system increases dramatically after optimization. The experiment and optimization results will provide useful reference for the future research on ocean wave energy conversion system.     

面向对象的连云港海岸带土地利用变化及驱动力分析

以连云港海岸带为研究区,基于1978年和2010年两期Landsat影像,提取土地利用信息,分析土地利用特征及其动态变化过程;面向土地利用变化基本单元,进行土地利用变化驱动力分析。结果表明:研究期初,该地区的主要土地类型为耕地和盐田,共占研究区面积的67.14%;32 a间共有37.17%的土地发生了变化,盐田和耕地面积快速减少,水产养殖区和工矿企业用地快速增加,有限的林地资源在减少,滩涂围垦达面积46.55 km2,土地利用程度加深;变化的土地中,38.95%由经济结构调整驱动,发展潜力大;27.75%由政策驱动,存在诸多的社会和生态问题;20.49%由政策或者经济结构调整与生产力水平共同驱动,取得较好经济和社会效益;12.81%的土地由政策、人口及经济发展共同驱动。连云港海岸带土地利用存在诸多不足之处,也具有巨大的发展空间。本研究对连云港市提高土地利用的社会效益和生态效益具有重要意义。     

力觉临场感遥操作机器人(3)：环境的动力学描述

力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统是一个典型的人-机-环交互系统.环境是遥操作机器人系统最终的环节,也是操作者感知和作用的对象,环境的动力学特性对整个遥操作机器人系统的控制性能会产生直接的影响.通过分析环境在力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统中的动力学特性,建立了环境在碰撞接触、线性平稳接触和非线性平稳接触3类情况下的动力学模型,并给出了模型的等效阻抗形式,为力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的分析提供了基础.     

血管介入手术中的柔性虚拟力触觉系统研究

随着微创手术的发展,虚拟手术的应用前景越来越广阔.力反馈作为虚拟手术的核心技术,其实现的效果直接影响了虚拟手术的沉浸感.通过对经典包围盒碰撞检测算法进行研究比对,选择了球包围盒的碰撞检测算法,并建立了精确的反馈力计算模型,实现了介入血管中的柔性碰撞仿真.该仿真具有很高的实时性和精度.     

Changes in the critical erosion velocity for sediment colonized by biofilm

In flowing water the incipient motion of sediment can be affected by the presence of microbial biofilm growth. This article documents a series of flume experiments using non‐uniform sediments, in which sediment entrainment was investigated for cases where the sediment was immersed in deionized water, so that no biofilm developed, and for cases where a bio‐sediment was cultivated by placing the sediment in a mixture of natural water and nutrient solution. Differences in entrainment and the velocity at incipient motion were measured over an eight week period, as biofilm grew. It was found that the incipient motion phenomena were quite distinct between the two kinds of sediment. Sediment with biofilm was more stable and, over time, incipient velocity increased to a threshold level, before declining. Biofilm development is clearly an important control on the stability of sediments, especially in eutrophic water bodies. Two incipient velocity formulas were derived for sliding and rolling conditions. Film water theory was utilized to describe the cohesive force between sediment particles and the adhesive force generated by biofilm was introduced into the formula derivation; the time variation characteristics of biofilm strength and the features of the substrate were also taken into consideration. Such analyses can help to predict sediment transport changes due to biofilm presence in nutrient‐rich water bodies.     

The critical scale of fluctuation for active lateral forces in spatially variable undrained clays

This study addresses the phenomenon of the critical scale of fluctuation (SOF) for active lateral force (P_a) in undrained clay when there is a spatial variability in the clay. The phenomenon is significant under shear strength (τ_f) random fields but is insignificant under unit weight (γ) random fields. It is found that the phenomenon of the critical SOF is connected to the nature of the spatial averaging, which is “line averaging” under τ_f random fields and is “area averaging” under γ random fields. The former averaging effect (line) is significantly weaker than the latter (area), so the tendency for the critical slip plane to seek for a favorable location is stronger for the τ_f random field than for the γ random field. Hence, the phenomenon of the critical SOF is more pronounced under τ_f random fields than under γ random fields. The underlying mechanisms for the phenomenon of the critical SOF will be explored in this paper.     

Test and numerical research on wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering

Numerous studies have been devoted to the performance of excavations and adjacent facilities. In contrast, few studies have focused on retaining wall deflections induced by pre-excavation dewatering. However, considerable inward cantilever deflections were observed for a diaphragm wall in a pre-excavation dewatering test based on a long and narrow metro excavation, and the maximum deflection reached 10 mm (37.6% of the allowable wall deflection for the project). Based on the test results, a three-dimensional soil–fluid coupled finite element model was established and used to study the mechanism of the dewatering-induced diaphragm wall deflections. Numerical results indicated that the diaphragm wall deflection results from three factors: (1) the seepage force around the dewatering well and the soil–wall interaction caused the inward horizontal displacement of the soil inside the excavation; (2) the reduced total earth pressure on the excavated side of the diaphragm wall above approximately 1/2 of the maximum dewatering depth disequilibrated the original earth pressure on both sides of the diaphragm wall; and (3) the different negative friction on the excavated and retained sides of the diaphragm wall led to the rotation of the diaphragm wall into the excavation.     

东北地区唐代渤海古城遗址空间格局及影响因素分析

运用ArcGIS软件及空间分析等方法,研究了东北地区234座唐朝渤海国古城遗址分布特征,探讨了古城遗址空间格局与自然条件的关系。通过对234座古城址进行分析,发现唐朝渤海国古城址主要集中在4个集聚区,即图们江?鸭绿江流域集聚区（A）、牡丹江流域集聚区（B）、松花江?辽河流域集聚区（C）、穆棱河流域集聚区（D）。其中图们江?鸭绿江流域集聚区是最主要的遗址分布区,位于研究区的南部,占遗址总量的47.43%。研究区渤海国古代城址呈北疏南密的分布特征,形成明显的“空间组群”格局。在当时的气候环境之下,水热条件等自然因素成为影响城址的主要因素,而政治、经济、军事和交通区位等人文因素则对古城遗址的数量和分布起重要导向作用。     

南海海上搜救困难性评价

为保障船舶海上航行安全,结合GIS与模糊层次分析法,从海上搜救的自然环境和人文搜救力量2个方面选取9个因子建立海上搜救困难性评价模型,对南海海上搜救困难性进行评价。结果表明：1）自然环境影响下,南海海域搜救困难性具有“V”字形分布的特点,由东北向西南难度等级逐渐降低。2）在人文搜救力量影响下,南海海域的搜救困难性整体呈“东北－西南条带式”,难度最大的区域主要位于南海东北―西南的连线上,呈不规则环状向连线两侧递减。3）综合两方面因素,南海部分岛屿周围搜救难度偏高,主要受台风等恶劣天气及远离搜救基地的影响,而远海海域搜救难度在整体上为“东北－西南递减式”空间分布格局,最高和较高的区域由研究区东北延伸至西南,然后向西北、东南两侧递减。总体而言,南海研究区中近21.1%的海域搜救难度≥7级,仍需加强对搜救力量的部署与建设。     

河西走廊草地荒漠化动态及驱动因素

草地荒漠化是河西走廊面临的主要生态问题。探究河西走廊草地荒漠化的现状与变化,是维持地区生态安全、确保经济社会健康稳定发展的关键。本研究以2009、2014、2019年全国荒漠化监测数据为基础,结合同时期的气象和年鉴数据,利用趋势分析、灰色关联及结构方程模型等方法,分析了河西走廊草地荒漠化的动态变化规律,在此基础上,量化了驱动草地荒漠化的因素。结果表明：（1）河西走廊草地荒漠化威胁持续存在,2019年,荒漠化草地面积为371.93万hm²,占河西走廊草地总面积的43.7%,荒漠化程度以中度为主,占比为65.58%。（2）2009—2019年,荒漠化草地面积减少134.68万hm²,草地荒漠化得到有效遏制。根据草地荒漠化程度综合性评价指数,除金昌市外,酒泉市、嘉峪关市、张掖市和武威市草地荒漠化呈逆转趋势。（3）驱动草地荒漠化动态变化的各类因素中,年降水量增加有助于荒漠化逆转,年均气温、农作物播种面积、大牲畜存栏数、常住人口数与草地荒漠化呈正相关,其中常住人口数通过影响农作物播种面积间接导致草地荒漠化加剧。