A bimodal four‐parameter lognormal linear model of soil water repellency persistence

Soil water repellency may be characterized in terms of the delayed infiltration time of a water droplet resting on the soil surface, which is, water drop penetration time (WDPT), or repellency persistence. Such repellency persistence varies nonlinearly with soil water content (θ_g), although no models have been proposed to reproduce the variation of WDPT with θ_g in soils. Dynamic factor analysis (DFA) is used to identify two common patterns of unexplained variability in a scattered dataset of WDPT versus θ_g measurements. A four‐parameter lognormal distribution was fitted to both common patterns obtained by DFA, and these were combined additively in a weighted multiple linear bimodal model. We show how such an empirical model is capable of reproducing a large variety of WDPT versus θ_g curve shapes (N = 80) both within a wide range of measured WDPTs (0–17 000 s) and for samples with organic matter content ranging from 21·7 to 80·6 g (100 g)^?1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

试谈利用科技手段鉴别古玉器

鉴别古玉的真伪,传统的方法主要是通过玉器的加工工艺、艺术风格(器型、文饰等)等时代特征来加以确认.然而,现代科技发展使古玉仿制已达到以假乱真的地步,仅凭经验难以做出有说服力的判断,需要借助科学仪器的帮助.本文通过对一兽面环的鉴定为例,用传统的宝石学测试,再经现代科学仪器、X射线衍射分析,经JCPDF检索,两者结合,最终得出了准确的结论.     

Response of runoff to climate change in the area of runoff yield in upstream Shiyang River Basin,Northwest China: A case study of the Xiying River

The objective of this study was to analyze the response of runoff in the area of runoff yield of the upstream Shiyang River basin to climate change and to promote sustainable development of regional water resources and ecological environment. As the biggest tributary of the Shiyang River, Xiying River is the only hydrological station (Jiutiaoling) that has provincial natural river and can achieve long time series monitoring data in the basin. The data obtained from this station is representative of natural conditions because it has little human activites. This study built a regression model through identifying the characteristics of runoff and climate change by using Mann-Kendall nonparametric statistical test, cumulative anomaly, and correlation analysis. The results show that the average annual runoff is 320.6 million m³/a with the coefficient of variation of 0.18 and shows slightly decrease during 1956–2020. It has a significant positive correlation the average annual precipitation (P<0.01). Runoff is sensitive to climate change, and the climate has becoming warm and wet and annual runoff has entering wet period from 2003. Compared to the earlier period (1955–2000), the increases of average annual temperature, precipitation and runoff in recent two decades were 15%, 9.3%, and 7.8%, respectively. Runoff in the Shiyang River is affected by temperature and precipitation among climate factors, and the simulation results of the runoff-climate response model (R = 0.0052P ? 0.1589T + 2.373) indicate that higher temperature leads to a weakening of the ecological regulation of surface runoff in the flow-producing area.     

Centrifuge modelling of landslides and landslide hazard mitigation: A review

Landslides are serious geohazards that occur under a variety of climatic conditions and can cause many casualties and significant economic losses. Centrifuge modelling, as a representative type of physical modelling, provides a realistic simulation of the stress level in a small-scale model and has been applied over the last 50 years to develop a better understanding of landslides. With recent developments in this technology, the application of centrifuge modelling in landslide science has significantly increased. Here, we present an overview of physical models that can capture landslide processes during centrifuge modelling. This review focuses on (i) the experimental principles and considerations, (ii) landslide models subjected to various triggering factors, including centrifugal acceleration, rainfall, earthquakes, water level changes, thawing permafrost, excavation, external loading and miscellaneous conditions, and (iii) different methods for mitigating landslides modelled in centrifuge, such as the application of nails, piles, geotextiles, vegetation, etc. The behaviors of all the centrifuge models are discussed, with emphasis on the deformation and failure mechanisms and experimental techniques. Based on this review, we provide a best-practice methodology for preparing a centrifuge landslide test and propose further efforts in terms of the seven aspects of model materials, testing design and equipment, measurement methods, scaling laws, full-scale test applications, landslide early warning, and 3D modelling to better understand the complex behaviour of landslides.     

填埋场单井注气气体压力监测试验及预测模型

确定填埋场注气过程中气体压力分布特征可为好氧通风工程提供关键技术和理论支撑。以现场单井注气试验为依托,在渗流力学理论的基础上,开展了不同注气强度条件下气体压力分布监测试验,分析了注气过程中气体压力的径向分布特征,推导了注气条件下垃圾土体内部以解析解形式表达的气体压力预测（analytical gas pressure prediction,简称AGPP）模型;结合现场气体压力监测结果,构建了以注气井压力为核心参数的经验公式形式的气体压力预测（empiricalgaspressure prediction,简称EGPP）模型。试验结果表明：低压注气强度也可以达到良好的注气效果,在较短时间内可以让气体充满注气井周围;通过现场监测数据与AGPP模型、EGPP模型的对比,初步验证了两种模型的可靠性。以上成果为预测和评估好氧通风过程中垃圾填埋场气体压力分布提供了新方法。     

靖远地区大厚度黄土地基浸水湿陷过程及土中竖向应力特征试验研究

为了研究靖远大厚度黄土在浸水条件下的水分入渗规律和自重湿陷变形特征,在中兰铁路沿线的靖远北站黄土自重湿陷场地进行了不打注水孔的现场浸水试验,监测并分析了地表及地下湿陷变形、试坑周围裂缝、含水率和土中竖向应力变化情况,对水分扩散规律、自重湿陷特性和土中竖向应力变化规律进行了研究,并对地区修正系数β0值和浸润角进行了探讨。结果表明：体积含水率变化分为浸水稳定（2个）、快速增加（1个）和缓慢增加（1个）共4个阶段;浸水过程中,水分在21m处竖向入渗加快、径向扩散减缓,湿润峰最终形态呈现为椭圆状。根据探井和钻孔含水率测试结果,推算出浸润角最大为41°。该场地黄土自重湿陷过程历经剧烈湿陷、缓慢湿陷和固结稳定3个阶段。试验结束时共计发展了13圈环状裂缝,裂缝最远处距试坑边缘26m。根据室内试验和现场测试结果,建议地区修正系数沿土层深度进行修正,0～10m内β0值取1.05,10～27 m内β0值取0.95。在地表至21 m深度范围内,地基土浸水饱和且湿陷充分,土中竖向应力沿深度呈线性增加,土中竖向应力接近饱和自重应力,21m以下的地基土未能充分湿陷,土中竖向应力逐渐减小。该研究成果可应用于中兰铁路...     

盾构下穿高铁路基变形规律模型试验研究

为了探究盾构下穿施工对高铁路基U型槽结构和地层的变形影响规律,以拟建的石家庄市轨道交通4号线下穿京石高速铁路路基为工程背景,基于几何相似比配制了地层和结构模型试验材料,设计了试验监测系统,采用φ1 200 mm小型盾构机进行了盾构隧洞顶距路基管桩底不同距离的2组室内模型试验。结果表明：随着距离盾构隧道拱顶距离的增大,地层沉降减小,盾构施工对地层的影响范围约为2倍洞径,显著影响区为1倍洞径;随着埋深的增大,盾构施工引起结构下方地层的沉降减小,距盾构隧道顶距离分别为0.5倍洞径和1倍洞径时沉降最大差值为10%;U型槽结构与相邻地层间产生脱空,盾尾脱出阶段发生的地层沉降占比大于74%。建议管片拼装完成后采用保水性好且有一定早期强度的注浆填充材料,以控制沉降变形,同时进行地层深孔注浆,及时充填松动地层孔隙,增加地层密实度。     

覆水砂土场地中桥梁群桩基础地震响应离心试验研究

为探究覆水饱和砂土场地中土-群桩基础-桥梁结构体系动力相互作用规律,自主设计并制作了直（斜）群桩基础-桥梁结构物理相似模型,开展了不同地震动强度和不同特性地震波输入下的离心机振动台试验,分析了群桩基础-桥梁结构动力特性指标,探究了覆水饱和砂土地基超孔隙水压力发展规律和桩-土相互作用动力响应特性。研究结果表明：覆水的存在对地基土-桥梁结构体系的基本周期和阻尼影响很小,但会导致直群桩基础桥梁结构的振动幅值增加20%,而斜群桩基础桥梁结构的振动幅值降低10%;斜群桩基础模型阻尼比是直群桩基础模型的2倍。上覆水导致饱和砂土地基由受低频振动液化深度更大变为受高频振动地基液化深度更大,同时导致小震作用下促进超孔隙水压力发展,而大震作用下则反之。上覆水会增大桥梁上部结构的动力响应和桩身弯矩。上述研究结果可为覆水场地中桥梁工程抗震设计提供关键参考依据。     

微纳米Ca(OH)2加固遗址土室内试验研究

无机材料以兼容性强、耐久性好等特点被广泛应用于土遗址加固,特别疏松结构土遗址加固一直是学界关注的焦点,微纳米Ca(OH)₂具有分子结构小、加固效果显著和耐久性好等特点。以世界文化遗产锁阳城为代表,制备密度为1.5g/cm³的疏松土样,采用浓度为5%、7.5%和10%微纳米Ca(OH)₂的悬浊液滴渗加固,通过透气性、色差、无侧限抗压强度和抗剪强度测试发现,透气性下降值均在2%以内,5%和7.5%微纳米Ca(OH)₂加固后色差ΔE_ab*均小于4,在一定范围内可接受;其中用浓度为7.5%微纳米Ca(OH)₂加固3次后抗压强度和抗剪强度均有提高,无侧限抗压强度增长率为9.8%,土的黏聚力增加了34%,内摩擦角提高了9°;土-水特征曲线表明,微纳米Ca(OH)₂对土的体积收缩率具有较好的抑制作用。扫描电镜、X射线衍射和热重分析发现,微纳米Ca(OH)₂渗透加固后,在碱性环境下发生了的物理化学反应,在物理层面主要通过填充、包...     

无砟轨道聚氨酯碎石防水联结层单元模型试验研究

基于无砟轨道基床表层水力损伤病害产生机制,提出一种在基床表层上设置聚氨酯碎石防水联结层的水力损伤控制措施。通过建立级配碎石组(J-0)、透水型聚氨酯碎石组(J-5)及致密型聚氨酯碎石组(J-10)3组试验模型,研究聚氨酯碎石防水联结层的静动力特性、疲劳特性与防水特性。结果表明：静力加卸载作用下,J-10残余应变为2.6×10–6,最大位移约为1.0 mm,与下部基床表层级配碎石层变形适应性良好,耗能效果明显,在列车动力荷载水平作用下,可减小基床表层动变形与动应力幅值,增大动应力扩散范围;在长期动力循环荷载作用下,J-0与J-5在注水后结构层动力响应显著增大,而J-10动力响应在加载次数1～2万次后基本保持稳定;试验过程中J-10能够有效防止水分进入基床表层级配碎石层,而J-0与J-5水分不断下渗,引起级配碎石细颗粒损失。研究成果对整治多雨地区无砟轨道基床表层水力损伤病害具有重要的应用价值。