Active control of MDOF structures with supplemental electrorheological fluid dampers

A method for design of an active control system for multistorey structures using Electrorheological (ER) dampers is presented. Incorporated at various levels of a structural frame, ER dampers are used to improve the response of the structure during earthquakes. Optimal control theory was used to design the ER devices. The aim of the design is to find the most suitable combination of the minimum required forces produced by the ER dampers to obtain the optimal structural response. The mechanical response of ER fluid dampers is regulated by an electric field, depending on the displacements and velocities of the frame. Numerical analysis of an ER damped seven-storey structure is represented as an example. Significant improvement of the structural response was obtained using optimal active controlled ER dampers compared to passive controlled and uncontrolled structures. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返高度模型及工程应用

桩端后压浆浆液上返高度对后压浆桩承载力的计算影响较大。基于幂律型流体的黏度时变性特征,推导了考虑黏度时变性的桩端压力浆液上返的理论计算公式,并给出了参数的确定方法及成层土中浆液上返高度的迭代算法;结合台州湾大桥的接线工程,利用电磁波CT对桩基后压浆的加固效果进行了探测分析。结果表明,采用浆液沿压浆管道阻力损失的拟合值并考虑黏度时变性得到的浆液上返高度的计算结果与实测结果基本吻合且偏于安全,而忽略黏度时变性得到的计算结果偏大,会对后压浆桩的承载力设计造成不利影响。此外,电磁波CT能观测到桩体、水泥浆加固体及土体的分布情况,且能推测出水泥浆液在桩端的扩散范围和沿桩身的上返高度,可用于评价后压浆桩的压浆效果。研究成果可为后压浆桩的设计和效果检测提供参考和指导。     

松辽盆地齐家地区高台子致密油层包裹体古流体压力特征及其地质意义

流体包裹体热动力学（PVTx）模拟应用包裹体组分、均一温度和气液比,结合模拟软件可以恢复包裹体被捕获时的古流体压力,以松辽盆地齐家地区高台子致密油层为例,应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜、显微荧光和显微测温等分析,划分了油气充注幕次并恢复了各幕次流体古压力,该应用有效区分了不同幕次流体古压力特征。研究结果表明:齐家地区高台子油层存在两期油气充注,第1期发生在晚白垩世嫩江晚期（79~75 Ma）,主要充注发黄色荧光的原油,古流体压力为16.13~16.97 MPa;第2期发生在晚白垩世明水期（69~65 Ma）,主要充注发黄绿色、蓝绿色荧光颜色的原油,古流体压力为22.14~26.13 MPa。研究结果有助于深化勘探区油气成藏规律的认识。      

流体晶、流体晶矿物组合、流体岩及其研究意义

流体是地球各圈层之间相互作用的纽带,在成岩、成矿过程中起着十分重要的作用。目前,流体的研究主要集中在流体对先存矿物岩石进行的交代作用方面,而对流体直接结晶形成的矿物领域研究较少。文中根据作者近几年的研究成果对从流体直接结晶而成的矿物——流体晶以及流体晶矿物组合、流体岩等的定义、特征进行了归纳总结。最新的研究结果显示：岩浆中可以含有大量的流体,这些流体来源既可以是岩浆演化富集、岩浆与围岩相互作用产生,亦可以是外部来源。因此,流体晶矿物、流体岩在自然界应该是普遍存在的。流体晶矿物的提出将深化人们对地质过程的理解,发展岩石学及矿床学的研究新领域,有利于矿床勘探和成矿预测。     

双锚固段新型锚索锚固性能研究及工程应用

为探究高路堤、深路堑边坡锚固系统耐久性以及锚固效果,研制了一种内外双锚固段新型锚索,从其结构设计、结构特点及锚固机理入手,分析其受力模式与计算方法,并通过室内足尺模型试验分析双锚固段新型锚索锚固效果,试验结果表明,（1）外锚固段有效的起到了双重锚固作用;（2）双锚固段锚索系统能有效避免因锚索失效导致的预应力损失;（3）整个锚固系统能实现反向自锁功能,与传统的锚索比,安全可靠性更高,能有效避免因锚索破坏突发灾难性的安全事故,长期性价比高;（4）工程实例验证石炭系岩关组砂岩、泥岩及深灰色灰岩呈互层地层外固段长度不少于8 m,才能有效地避免外锚头失效自由段预应力不损失。试验结果对正确分析双锚固段新型锚索加固作用机制和工程设计应用具有一定的参考价值。     

西天山小于赞金矿成矿流体、成矿年代学特征及其地质意义

小于赞金矿床是产于新疆西天山也列莫顿盆地的浅成低温热液型金矿床,赋存于晚古生代大哈拉军山组火山岩中。矿石类型主要为蚀变岩型和石英脉型,主要发育硅化、黄铁绢英岩化、伊利石化、青磐岩化蚀变。流体成矿过程可分为3个阶段,分别为石英黄铁矿、石英玉髓黄铁矿和石英方解石黄铁矿阶段。小于赞金矿床流体包裹体类型单一,主要为水溶液包裹体,可分为纯液相水溶液包裹体(PL类)、富液相水溶液包裹体(L类)和富气相水溶液包裹体(V类)。石英黄铁矿阶段包裹体均一温度集中于130~190 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.2%~8.0%;石英玉髓黄铁矿阶段均一温度介于115~161 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.7%~3.4%;石英方解石黄铁矿阶段均一温度介于110~138 ℃,盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.2%~3.4%。鉴于赋矿角砾凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(353.8±1.8) Ma,且被下石炭统阿恰勒河组不整合覆盖,故可将小于赞金矿床的成矿时代限定在(353.8±1.8) Ma至早石炭世维宪期。锆石εHf(t)变化范围为+4.1~+8.4,平均值+6.1,两阶段Hf模式年龄tDM2变化范围为822~1 095 Ma,指示该区岩浆演化过程中有少量地幔物质的加入。综合考量矿床地质特征、流体包裹体特征和成矿时代,认为小于赞矿床为早石炭世低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿。     

天然气水合物区多相流体运移模型：以南海神狐海域为例

天然气水合物是重要的海洋油气资源,近年来利用孔隙水地球化学手段结合流体反应运移模型对水合物进行勘探已 成为研究热点。文章针对南海神狐海域钻探GMGS-1航次的数据资料,用孔隙水溴碘摩尔数比值拟合全新世流体运移速率, 构建了二期次非稳态水合物多相流体运移模型,并以SH7站位作为应用,发现自更新世以来研究区水合物成藏系统处于衰 退状态。通过模型参数敏感性分析,了解到影响模型输出的参数权重从高到低依次是沉积物孔隙度、有机质含量和沉积埋 藏速率。进一步数值分析表明,在水合物成藏系统中,有机质含量与水合物饱和度满足线性相关,其他主要参数与饱和度 的关系并非单调函数,且主导水合物稳定区内的甲烷物源是深部外源流体所携带的甲烷。多相流体运移模型对水合物资源 勘查具有一定的理论意义。     

Experimental and numerical study on vortex-induced motions of a deep-draft semi-submersible

An experimental study on vortex-induced motions (VIM) of a deep-draft semi-submersible (DDS) was carried out in a towing tank, with the aim to investigate the VIM effects on the overall hydrodynamics of the structure. In order to study the fluid physics associated with VIM of the DDS, a comprehensive numerical simulation was conducted to examine the characteristics of vortex shedding processes and their interactions due to multiple cylindrical columns. The experimental measurements were obtained for horizontal plane motions including transverse, in-line and yaw motions as well as drag and lift forces on the structure. Spectral analysis was further carried out based on the recorded force time history. These data were subsequently used to validate the numerical model. Detailed numerical results on the vortex flow characteristics revealed that during the “lock-in”, the vortex shedding processes of the upstream columns enhance the vortex shedding processes of the downstream columns leading to the rapid increase of the magnitude of VIM. In addition to the experimental measurements, for the two uniform flow incidences (0° and 45°) investigated, comprehensive numerical data of the parametric study on the VIM characteristics at a wide range of current strength will also serve as quality benchmarks for future study and provide guidance for practical design.     

Predicting the effect of biofouling on ship resistance using CFD

This paper proposes a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based unsteady RANS model which enables the prediction of the effect of marine coatings and biofouling on ship resistance and presents CFD simulations of the roughness effects on the resistance and effective power of the full-scale 3D KRISO Container Ship (KCS) hull.Initially, a roughness function model representing a typical coating and different fouling conditions was developed by using the roughness functions given in the literature. This model then was employed in the wall-function of the CFD software and the effects of a typical as applied coating and different fouling conditions on the frictional resistance of flat plates representing the KCS were predicted for a design speed of 24 knots and a slow steaming speed of 19 knots using the proposed CFD model. The roughness effects of such conditions on the resistance components and effective power of the full-scale 3D KCS model were then predicted at the same speeds. The resulting frictional resistance values of the present study were then compared with each other and with results obtained using the similarity law analysis. The increase in the effective power of the full-scale KCS hull was predicted to be 18.1% for a deteriorated coating or light slime whereas that due to heavy slime was predicted to be 38% at a ship speed of 24 knots. In addition, it was observed that the wave resistance and wave systems are significantly affected by the hull roughness and hence viscosity.     

Seismic indicators of focused fluid flow and cross-evaporitic seepage in the Eastern Mediterranean

We present for the first time a synthesis of the evidence of focused fluid flow in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing an updated record that includes recent and past occurrences through the last ca. 6 My of evolution of the basin. We do this by adding the interpretation of a previously unpublished regional 2D seismic dataset to the existing occurrences of focused fluid flow reported in the literature. Our interpretation shows a high number (141) of focused fluid flow features, which span the stratigraphic interval from late Miocene to Recent. Of these features, (82) are at the seabed, and (59) are buried. The previous published record is more difficult to quantify, but in comparison shows an overwhelming majority of seabed features, with only rare examples of buried features.The spectrum of the buried and seabed features covers pockmarks, pipes, mud volcanoes, clastic intrusions and collapse structures. Clustering of the fluid flow features is observed at different times in specific areas, including the Nile Cone, and the Levant, Herodotus, Cyprus and Latakia basins. With the buried record, we are able to highlight the evolution of the leakage points through time. Focused fluid flow venting has been occurring since the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and the start of basinwide deposition of evaporites. We focus in particular on seismic indicators of leakage through evaporites, and of sub-evaporitic source for fluids and remobilised sediments. We also discuss the role of the evaporites as a seal to ascending fluids, and in which circumstances they can be breached.Fluids (and associated remobilised sediments) are sourced from different intervals, from the sub- and supra-evaporitic section, and possibly within the evaporites. Only a minor proportion of the fluid flow features are certainly sourced from below the Messinian evaporites, and most of them are located in the Nile-Levant-Eratosthenes areas. The few examples of pathways that are able to cross thick, undeformed and well preserved evaporites are typically correlated to overpressure release and hydrofracturing. This confirms that the evaporites do act regionally as a very good seal as expected, while fluids are able to cross the evaporites only in their most extreme expression, i.e. in near-lithostathic overpressure conditions. This is confirmed by our observations made in the Eastern Mediterranean, where in the presence of relatively undisturbed evaporites, cross-evaporite vertical fluid pathways are only observed at the high end of the flux-pressure range, and involve sediment remobilisation. Maps combining these different elements can be used to detect areas potentially more prone to breaching.