Modelling the stress-strain behaviour of saturated rocks undergoing triaxial deformation using complex electrical conductivity measurements

Measurement of complex electrical conductivity as a function of frequency is an extremely sensitive probe for changes in pore and crack volume, crack connectivity, and crack surface topography. Such measurements have been made as a function of pore fluid chemistry, hydrostatic confining pressure, as well as uniaxial and triaxial deformation. This paper will; (1) describe the effects of triaxial deformation on the complex electrical conductivity of saturated porous rocks, (2) use the electrical data to model the mechanical stress-strain behaviour, and (3) compare the modelled behaviour with the stress-strain behaviour measured during the deformation. Experimental conductivity data tracks how the rock undergoes compaction with progressive loss of crack volume, followed by dilatation due to new crack formation, growth of existing cracks, crack interlinkage, and finally failure, as axial strain is increased. We have used the complex electrical data to produce a direction-sensitive (anisotropic) crack damage parameter, and used it to calculate the effective Young's modulus by employing the models of Walsh and Bruner. Comparison of the synthetic stress-strain curves so produced, with the experimentally derived stress-strain curves shows good agreement, particularly for undrained tests. This modelling is an improvement on similar curves produced using isotropic crack damage parameters derived from acoustic emission data. The improvement is likely to be due to the directional sensitivity of the electrical conductivity measurement, and its ability to discriminate between the formation of isolated cracks, and those cracks that contribute to the inter-connected crack space i.e. those cracks upon which transport properties of the rock such as electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties depend most critically during triaxial deformation.     

地热—Ⅱ型稳定分棒式热导仪——岩石热导率精密测量装置

地热-Ⅱ型岩石热导仪是在地热-Ⅰ型基础上,参考美、法同类装置的性能特长,改型设计研制而成的。采用了国际地热界通用的一维稳态分棒原理和结构,并成功地应用了计算机程控测量。仪器为平行双架式,可同步运行。该测试系统尚配备微型探针,程序兼容,仪表共用。因此,除坚硬致密岩样外,尚可用于测量孔隙含水或饱水岩样、松散沉积物或钻孔岩屑。仪器性能稳定,操作方便,自动打印结果。测量复率±2—3％,绝对精度优于±5％。     

遥感影像中分区分类法及在新疆北部植被分类中的应用

对遥感影像提出了一种分区分类的思想，根据影像所包含的局部特征将整体影像化为几个局部的影像，然后根据局部影像的特点对图像进行分类,使得每一区域的种类数目相对于整体减少，种类的特点得以突出，分类更具有针对性,再加以高程、坡度等地貌信息，提高分类精度。该分类法在新疆北部的植被分类中得到了应用，从NOAA影像中提出的NDVI为数据源，根据该植被区域特点，将研究区的植被区域划分为四个区，即：新疆阿勒泰草原区、昭苏区、西准噶尔区和东天山区。利用GIS软件将整个研究区的NDVI指数图像化分为四块子图，根据各个区域植被的特点，采用不同的分类标准,对四块子图分类。在此之后，再利用GIS软件将所有分类子图合并为整个区域的分类图。结果表明，该类方法可以大大提高NDVI指数的植被分类精度。     

"后Urey模型时代"的稳定同位素地球化学基础理论

简要综述了最近十几争来稳定同位素地球化学基础理论发展的几个热点,包括能处理重元素的同位素分馏的核场效应理论、基于晶格动力学及声子的密度函数微扰理论计算的固体同位素分馏理论、稳定同位素的微观反应动力学理论,以及含压力变量的同位素分馏理论。这些新理论,表明长期基于Urey模型或称Bigeleisen-Mayer公式的稳定同位素地球化学的时代已经结束,更精确、更丰富的理论体系正在逐步建立之中。     

太湖悬浮物浓度的MODIS影像估测研究

通过研究,发现在大样本(N=335)的情况下MODIS 500 mB1-B3与太湖悬浮物浓度具有较好的线性关系(R2=0.659)。同时,运用实测光谱深入分析悬浮物的敏感波段,进一步揭示了采用B1-B3估测的理论依据,并建立了适用于各个季节的太湖悬浮物通用遥感估测模型。     

Environmental geochemistry of Damodar River basin, east coast of India

 Water and bed sediment samples collected from the Damodar River and its tributaries were analysed to study elemental chemistry and suspended load characteristics of the river basin. Na and Ca are the dominant cations and HCO₃ is the dominant anion. The water chemistry of the Damodar River basin strongly reflects the dominance of continental weathering aided by atmospheric and anthropogenic activities in the catchment area. High concentrations of SO₄ and PO₄ at some sites indicate the mining and anthropogenic impact on water quality. The high concentration of dissolved silica, relatively high (Na+K)/TZ⁺ ratio (0.2–0.4) and low equivalent ratio of (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) indicate that dissolved ions contribute significantly to the weathering of aluminosilicate minerals of crystalline rocks. The seasonal data show a minimum ionic concentration in the monsoon season, reflecting the influence of atmospheric precipitation on total dissolved solids contents. The suspended sediments show a positive correlation with discharge and both discharge and suspended load reach their maximum value during the monsoon season. Kaolinite is the mineral that is possibly in equilibrium with the water. This implies that the chemistry of the Damodar River water favours kaolinite formation. The concentration of heavy metals in the finer size fraction (<37 μ m) is significantly higher than the bulk composition. The geoaccumulation index values calculated for Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Cr are well below zero, suggesting that there is no pollution from these metals in Damodar River sediments. Received: 21 January 1998 · Accepted: 4 May 1998     

湖北浮桥河水库悬浮物的季节变化

1998-1999年按季度对湖北浮桥河水库悬浮物进行采样和分析.浮桥河水库悬浮物现存量干重平均为9.991mg/L,有机碎屑是水库悬浮物的主要组成部分,占93.22%,浮游生物仅占6.78%.悬浮物的无灰重为3.45mg/L,其中有机碎屑无灰重的比例占85.54%,浮游生物无灰重占14.46%.悬浮物碳为1.539mg/L,其中有机碎屑碳占81.46%,浮游生物碳占18.54%.浮桥河水库悬浮物氮、磷含量分别为0.257mg/L和0.0143mg/L,其中有机碎屑氮、磷分别为0.200mg/L和0.0072mg/L;浮游生物氮、磷分别为0.057mg/L和0.0071mg/L.悬浮物可作为判断水库营养类型的指标,同时也可用来估算水库滤食性鱼类的鱼产潜力.     

海洋工程施工悬浮泥沙源强及扩散规律研究进展

各类海洋工程如码头、航道、海上风电、海底管道管线、填海造陆、防波堤等涉及的抛石、爆破、疏浚、打桩、开沟、吹填溢流等作业环节产生的悬浮物,在水动力作用下输移、扩散,会引起周边海域悬浮泥沙浓度增加,对海洋生态环境产生不利影响。文章对国内施工悬浮泥沙浓度扩散规律研究方法和数值模型中悬浮泥沙源强的选取方法进行了综述,为海洋工程施工过程产生的悬浮泥沙扩散研究提供参考和依据。     

Analysis of karst hydrodynamics through comparison of dissolved and suspended solids' transport

In karst systems, rain events often result in a decrease of the conductivity (a tracer of dissolved phase transport) and an increase in turbidity (a tracer of suspended solids transport) at wells and springs. This study shows that the comparison of suspended solids and solute transport by the coupled approach of $T\text{–}C$ curves (Turbidity–Conductivity) and autocorrelations gives evidence of the transport processes in the karst network and allows understanding the karst hydrodynamics. To cite this article: D. Valdes et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).