The main structure and tectonic features of the Chernorud-Mukhor site on the western shore of Lake Baikal from TEM and SP measurements

Transient electromagnetic (TEM), self-potential (SP) and geoelectrical mapping measurements were carried out at the Chernorud-Mukhor site in the Priolkhonje area on the western shore of the Lake Baikal. All measurements were made along several profiles across the main strike of the regional Primorsky fault. TEM measurements were carried out in a time range from a few tens of microseconds to several tens of milliseconds. The most important result of the 1D modelling of TEM soundings is the discovery of nearly horizontal boundaries that divide high resistive overlying and well conducting underlying rocks. The resistivity of the former is in the range from 100 Ωm to 1000 Ωm, while the resistivity of the latter varies from less than 1 Ωm to several tens of Ωm. This good conductive zone could also be verified by geoelectrical mapping using Schlumberger array (AB/2=100 m). Due to high conductivity of the underlying rocks only the upper boundary of the conductive layer could be determined by TEM soundings. A regional SP anomaly with amplitude of about −450 mV has also been observed above the low resistivity zone indicating the electron nature of its conductance. Geologically, the conductive zone is represented by a graphite-bearing layer within the region of archean rocks. Since that layer extends over a large area, it may be used as a key in studying structures and tectonics of the Priolkhonje area. A 1D TEM geoelectric section shows a wide, gently sloping syncline as a probable base structure of the Chernorud-Mukhor site. Neotectonic faults divide the syncline into vertically displaced blocks that form a wide complicated graben with a total amplitude of about 250 m.     

The role of baseflow in dissolved solids delivery to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin

Salinity has a major effect on water users in the Colorado River Basin, estimated to cause almost $300 million per year in economic damages. The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program implements and manages projects to reduce salinity loads, investing millions of dollars per year in irrigation upgrades, canal projects, and other mitigation strategies. To inform and improve mitigation efforts, there is a need to better understand sources of salinity to streams and how salinity has changed over time. This study explores salinity in the baseflow fraction of streamflow, assessing whether groundwater is a significant contributor of dissolved solids to streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). Chemical hydrograph separation was used to estimate baseflow discharge and baseflow dissolved solids loads at stream gages (n = 69) across the UCRB. On average, it is estimated that 89% of dissolved solids loads originate from the baseflow fraction of streamflow, indicating that subsurface transport processes play a dominant role in delivering dissolved solids to streams in the UCRB. A statistical trend analysis using weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season was used to evaluate changes in baseflow dissolved solids loads in streams (n = 27) from 1986 to 2011. Decreasing trends in baseflow dissolved solids loads were observed at 63% of streams. At the three most downstream sites, Green River at Green River, UT, Colorado River at Cisco, UT, and the San Juan River near Bluff, UT, baseflow dissolved solids loads decreased by a combined 823,000 metric tons (mT), which is approximately 69% of projected basin‐scale decreases in total dissolved solids loads as a result of salinity control efforts. Decreasing trends in baseflow dissolved solids loads suggest that salinity mitigation projects, landscape changes, and/or climate are reducing dissolved solids transported to streams through the subsurface. Notably, the pace and extent of decreases in baseflow dissolved solids loads declined during the most recent decade; average decreasing loads during the 2000s (28,200 mT) were only 54% of average decreasing loads in the 1990s (51,700 mT).     

The effect of drawdown on suspended solids and phosphorus export from Columbia Lake,Waterloo, Canada

This study examines the effect of drawdown on the timing and magnitude of suspended solids and associated phosphorus export from a 12 ha reservoir located in an urbanized watershed in southern Ontario, Canada. Water level in Columbia Lake was lowered by 1·15 m over a 2‐week period in November 2001. The total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 63 to 486 µg L^?1 in Columbia Lake and 71 to 373 µg L^?1 at its outflow. All samples exceeded the Provincial Water Quality Objective of 30 µg TP L^?1. Outflow concentrations of suspended solids and TP increased significantly with decreasing lake level and were attributed to the resuspension of cohesive bottom sediments that occurred at a critical threshold lake level (0·65 m below summer level). Suspended solids at the outflow consisted of flocculated cohesive materials with a median diameter (D₅₀) of c. 5 µm. Particulate organic carbon accounted for 8·5% of the suspended solids export by mass. A total mass of 18·5 t of suspended solids and 62·6 kg TP was exported from Columbia Lake, which represents a significant pulse of sediment‐associated P to downstream environments each autumn during drawdown. The downstream impacts of this release can be minimized if the water level in Columbia Lake is lowered no more than 0·5 m below summer levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西兴国县溶解性总固体分布规律初探

本文聚焦于反映地下水宏量离子组分总量的溶解性总固体,应用统计描述、相关分析法、离子比例法分析了其在兴国县全境的分布演化规律。结果表明,兴国县89.8%采样点的溶解性总固体含量都处于200 mg/L以内,但存在空间分布差异显著,在松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水、变质岩类裂隙水和花岗岩类裂隙水中溶解性总固体的变异系数分别为0.37、0.77、0.56和0.59。对1977—2018年两期地下水水质数据分析,兴国县地下水中溶解性总固体不论是单点极值还是均值,均呈现大幅增加的趋势,其含量增幅在24.23%~458.13%之间。在空间分布上,溶解性总固体分布与高程具有较好的相关性,高溶解性总固体的地下水普遍分布在400 m高程以下。兴国县对地下水开发的增加,改变了地下水的补径排条件,加速了地下水与围岩和岩石矿物风化组分间的溶滤和离子交换,使Na+浓度减少,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量增加。     

高矿化度沙漠湖泊水体的光学特性

沙漠湖泊水体和东部大型湖泊如太湖等存在较大差异.为深入研究沙漠湖泊水体的光学特性,利用腾格里沙漠月亮湖实测水面ASD高光谱数据和同步采集的水样,对水体矿化度与叶绿素a、DOC、悬浮物的含量进行相关性分析,比较沙漠湖泊水体和其它水体的黄色物质、浮游植物、非藻类悬浮物吸收特征光谱,探讨不同波段中水深和矿化度对水体反射率的影...     

Water pollution in gold mining industry: a case study in Roşia Montană district, Romania

The preliminary study of streams and rivers from the Roşia Montană area revealed that the concntration of heavy metals— Cd, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn—are above accepted limits. The gold extraction method is based on flotation. The most important pollution sources are mine tailings. The determinations were performed for samples collected in: April 2004, July 2004, September 2004, November 2004, February 2005 and May 2005. The highest concentrations were found for cadmium in September 2004: 0.17 mg/L; for copper in September 2004: 1.38 mg/L; for manganese in July 2004: 239.4 mg/L; for lead in May 2005: 0.54 mg/L; and for zinc in September 2004: 35.37 mg/L;. This study involved three small rivers (streams) that flow into the Mureş River and finally into the Danube River, having a great impact on human health and environmental stability in the area. In May 2005, a sample of drinking water from the mining district was also collected.     

描述岩石粘弹性固体性质的开尔文模型

大多数固体材料都具有弹性,但真实的固体却极少严格遵从弹性的虎克定律。这些固体材料的变形往往有对时间的依赖性,这种性质是流变学研究的内容。岩石是自然界最普遍的固体,它的力学性质在通常条件下可用虎克定律作精确的描述,而在漫长的地质过程中,岩石的流变特征就逐渐显现出来。地质作用越缓慢,岩石对变形时间的依赖性越明显。为精确描述岩石在地质过程的力学性质,流变学方法被引入地质学。笔者已经介绍过描述"牛顿流体"的马克斯威尔流变模型,文中介绍描述粘弹性固体的开尔文流变模型。和马克斯威尔模型一样,开尔文模型也是流变学的基本模型,它是由一个弹性元件和一个阻尼元件并联而成。文中给出开尔文模型的本构关系和地质应用的简介。     

Clogging of saturated porous media by silt‐sized suspended solids under varying physical conditions during managed aquifer recharge

Managed aquifer recharge is an effective method for utilizing excess flood flows, but clogging of porous media is a limiting factor in the implementation of this water storage technique. In recent years, much research on the physical clogging of porous media during artificial recharge has been conducted. However, the understanding of clogging due to silt‐sized suspended solids (SS) is still inadequate, especially under varying physical conditions. Here, we subjected sand columns to controlled rates of flow and SS suspensions to investigate the influence of media size, SS size, SS concentration, and flow velocity on the clogging of porous media by silt‐sized SS. The results show that the diameter ratio of SS particles to sand grains is the dominant factor influencing the position of physical clogging. As pore velocity increased, the mobility of silt‐sized SS was enhanced and retention in the porous media decreased noticeably. The spatial retention profiles in the porous media were found to vary greatly at different flow velocities. The SS concentration of the infiltrating suspension also dramatically influenced the mobility and deposition of silt‐sized SS particles, such that high concentrations accelerated the clogging process. As the different physical factors changed, the breakthrough curves and retention profiles of silt‐sized SS particles changed obviously and the mechanisms of retention differed. On the whole, clogging position is mainly determined by particle size ratio, but clogging rate is dominated by a variety of factors including particle size ratio, SS concentration, and flow velocity.     

Planktonic stages of Maurolicus muelleri (Teleostei Sternoptychidae) in New Zealand waters

The seasonality and distribution, abundance, and hydrological affinities of the planktonic stages of the sternoptychid Maurolicus muelleri (Grnelin, 1788) are described for the New Zealand region. Spawning occurred from August to March, and the planktonic stages were widespread around New Zealand. Spawning probably takes place around midday at depths greater than 250 m. Eggs and larval stages were present over temperature ranges of 9.0–15.5°c and 13–22°c respectively.     

基于位温的小麦发育期的小网格推算方法

在小麦晚霜冻害定量评估和遥感定量监测中, 需要不同空间尺度的冬小麦发育期网格资料。 该文以河南省为研究区域, 根据大气的物理特性, 提出一种机理性强、考虑地形、基于位温的气象资料的小网格推算方法, 并在小麦发育期小网格推算中具体应用。 首先根据河南省不同气候类型, 对其进行生态分区; 利用二十多年小麦发育期观测资料, 分别建立不同分区内小麦返青-拔节期积温数理方程; 在内插资料时为了考虑海拔高度的影响, 在ARCGIS软件支持下, 利用位温方程和状态方程, 通过推算出小网格上的位温、 计算不同海拔高度的气压等气象要素, 进而推算小网格上的气温资料, 最后依据小麦发育期积温模型, 推算与遥感监测资料相匹配 (分辨率为1.1 km×1.1 km) 的小麦拔节期网格资料。 结果表明: 利用此种方法推算的小麦发育期平均绝对误差在 2 d 左右, 在小麦晚霜冻害监测允许的误差范围内; 通过推算位温、气压等方法间接推算气温再推算小麦的发育期, 较不考虑海拔高度直接内插气温及其他进行高度订正的方法误差有所减小。