块状硫化物矿床的类型、分布和形成环境

从全球视野全面概括了块状硫化物矿床的成矿背景和成矿类型,突出强调了洋壳和岛弧或陆壳两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的重要性,并探讨了由于洋、陆转化过程中过渡环境的存在对两种成矿类型亦存在过渡的成矿复杂性,分析评述了块状硫化物矿床在全球各大陆块及其主要造山带中的地质分布和成矿特点。已发现矿床数量北半球明显发育,南半球发现稀少,太古代和中新生代是火山成因块状硫化物矿床的最主要形成期,其次是晚古生代,而中国则以早古生代的发现最为重要,与全球的情况有显著差异。探讨了全球块状硫化物矿床的形成演化和主要形成环境,强调了在地质历史上造山带中可能保存下来代表弧后盆地洋壳环境的蛇绿岩中寻找火山成因块状硫化物矿床的重要性。介绍了利用高场强元素对火山成因块状硫化物矿床构造背景的判别方法。     

Mean properties of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio recirculation region

Using a 19-year altimetric dataset, the mean properties and spatiotemporal variations of eddies in the Kuroshio recirculation region are examined. A total of 2 001 cyclonic tracks and 1 847 anticyclonic tracks were identifi ed using a geometry-based eddy detection method. The mean radius was 57 km for cyclonic eddies and was 61 km for anticyclonic eddies, respectively, and the mean lifetime was about 10 weeks for both type eddies. There were asymmetric spatial distributions for eddy generation and eddy termination, which were domain-dependent. Mean eddy generation rates were 2.0 per week for cyclonic eddies and were 1.9 per week for anticyclonic eddies. Both type eddies tended to deform during their lifetime and had different propagation characteristics, which mainly propagated westward and southwestward with velocities 4.0–9.9 cm/s, in the Kuroshio recirculation region. Further discussion illustrates that the eddy westward speed maybe infl uenced by the combined effect of vertical shear of horizontal currents and nonlinearity of eddy. To better understand the evolution of eddy tracks, a total of 134 long-lived tracks(lifetime ≥20 weeks) were examined. Comparison between short-span eddies(lifetime ≥4 weeks and 20 weeks) and long-lived eddies is also conducted and the result shows that the short-span and long-lived eddies have similar time evolution. Finally, eddy seasonal variations and interannual changes are discussed. Correlation analysis shows that eddy activity is sensitive to the wind stress curl and meridional gradient of sea surface temperature on interannual timescales. Besides, the strength and orientation of background fl ows also have impacts on the eddy genesis.     

黄、东海溶解态无机砷的分布及其季节变化

本文综合2000～2003年期间9个航次的研究结果,讨论了总溶解态无机砷（TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As^5＋]＋[As^3＋]）和亚砷酸盐（As^3＋）在黄、东海的分布和季节性变化。调查海区覆盖了黄、东海不同水文和化学性质的区域,研究重点放在自长江口向东南琉球群岛沿伸的PN断面以讨论陆源输送的物质对中国陆架边缘海的影响。利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）分析砷的不同形态（TDIAs,As^3＋）。TDIAs受河流陆源输送的影响在近岸区域含量较高,并随着离岸距离的增加含量逐步下降。在东海陆架坡折带的近底层水中也存在TDIAs的高值中心,此区域具有低温、高盐、低悬浮颗粒物含量的特征,显示出入侵陆架的黑潮水是陆架区TDIAs另一个主要的源。TDIAs的季节性变化趋势受到长江冲淡水水量及黑潮入侵陆架强度的季节及年际变化共同影响。研究区域中As^3＋的分布特征与TDIAs相反,其含量、分布及季节性变化受到浮游植物活动的影响,表现出与叶绿索含量存在正相关关系。夏季东海陆架PN断面中As／P的化学计量比值约为2×10^3。黄、东海溶解态砷的含量与世界其它海区相近,表明其未受到明显人为活动的影响。     

Morphology and characteristics of radio pulsars

This review describes the observational properties of radio pulsars, fast rotating neutron stars, emitting radio waves. After the introduction we give a list of milestones in pulsar research. The following chapters concentrate on pulsar morphology: the characteristic pulsar parameters such as pulse shape, pulsar spectrum, polarization and time dependence. We give information on the evolution of pulsars with frequency since this has a direct connection with the emission heights, as postulated in the radius to frequency mapping (RFM) concept. We deal successively with the properties of normal (slow) pulsars and of millisecond (fast-recycled) pulsars. The final chapters give the distribution characteristics of the presently catalogued 1300 objects.Received: 5 December 2003, Published online: 15 April 2004 Correspondence to: Richard Wielebinski     

MODELING THE SPORADIC METEOROID BACKGROUND CLOUD

The orbital distributions of dust particles in interplanetary space are revised in the ESA meteoroid model to incorporate more observational data and to comply with the constraints due to the long-term particle dynamics under the planetary gravity and Poynting–Robertson effect. Infrared observations of the zodiacal cloud by the COBE Earth-bound observatory, flux measurements by the dust detectors on board Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft, and the crater size distributions on lunar rock samples retrieved by the Apollo missions are fused into a single model. Within the model, the orbital distributions are expanded into a sum of contributions due to a number of known sources, including the asteroid belt with the emphasis on the prominent families Themis, Koronis, Eos and Veritas, as well as comets on Jupiter-encountering orbits. An attempt to incorporate the meteor orbit database acquired by the Advanced Meteor Orbit Radar at Christchurch is also discussed. Work was done during D. Galligan’s stay at the University of Canterbury.     

青藏高原东部现代泥炭GDGTs分布特征及环境意义

运用HPLC-APCI-MS详细分析了青藏高原东部红原现代泥炭(32°46'N,02°31'E)和越西现代泥炭(28°46'N,102°34'E)中甘油二烷基甘油四醚类脂物(glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers,简称GDGTs)的组成及分布特征,检测出了丰富的GDGTs化合物,显示研究区分布着产甲烷菌、氨氧化古菌、细菌等多种微生物。其中,细菌支链GDGTs(branched GDGTs,简称bGDGTs)丰度明显高于古菌类异戊二烯GDGTs(isoprenoid GDGTs,简称iGDGTs)。无环的GDGT-0和archaeol是古菌iGDGTs的主要组分,说明古菌以产甲烷菌为主。bGDGTs中Ia与Ⅱa丰度最高,由CBT(环化指数)参数得到的pH值与泥炭实测pH值相近,但基于MBT'(甲基化指数)-CBT指标得到的年平均大气温度(MAT)与两研究区现代年平均温度有一定差别。通过该项工作发现今后进行区域细菌bGDGTs相关环境参数的校正是十分必要的。     

一元p-范分布的参数估计

应用矩估计法，在观测为误差单峰、对称的情况下，得到了一元p-范分布在不同情况下参数的计算公式。详细推导了一元p-范分布极大似然方程的解算公式，将矩估计法应用到极大似然平差的参数估计理论中，得到了一个比较好的算法，最后用两个算例说明了此方法的优越性。     

Spatiotemporal Distributions of δD in Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on TES Data During 2004-2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD16O (or 1H2H16O, or HDO) andH218O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation duringtransport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation andunderstanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of iso-tope HDO (i.e., δD), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δDv, and the relationship of δDv with atmospherichumidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H2O data retrievedfrom the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. Theresults indicate that δDv has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence withatmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δDv decreases logarithmically with atmosphericpressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Sea-sonal changes of δDv exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δDvin the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occurfrom the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δDv and temperature has asimilar distribution pattern to the correlation between δDv and precipitable water in the troposphere. Thestable isotope HDO in water vapor (δDv), compared with that in precipitation (δDp), is of some differencesin spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, in-dicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types ofstable isotopes are different.