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81.
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We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study magmatic crystals in the Ben
Lomond rhyolite lava dome, Taupo Volcanic Center, New Zealand. Using TEM and SEM to investigate the size distributions of
these crystals, we identified three size populations: microphenocrysts (>1.2 μm wide), microlites (>0.6 μm wide), and smaller
crystals (<0.6 μm wide) which we term "nanolites". The predominant mineral phases of the microlites and nanolites are augites,
pigeonites, and hypersthenes. The compositions and microstructures within these pyroxenes indicate disequilibrium crystallization
at approximately 850–900 °C and undercoolings as high as 300 °C from equilibrium crystallization temperatures. Complex microstructures
resulting from subsolidus reactions in augite and pigeonite are consistent with moderate cooling rates within the upper obsidian
layer of the Ben Lomond rhyolite dome. This study demonstrates the existence of sub-micron magmatic crystals in a rhyolite
and illustrates the potential of TEM to provide unique information about the crystallization and cooling histories of glassy
volcanic rocks.
Received: May 8, 1995 / Accepted: November 27, 1995 相似文献
84.
Erik Rüttener Juan José Egozcue Dieter Mayer-Rosa Stephan Mueller 《Natural Hazards》1996,14(2-3):165-178
Seismic hazard analysis is based on data and models, which both are imprecise and uncertain. Especially the interpretation of historical information into earthquake parameters, e.g. earthquake size and location, yields ambiguous and imprecise data. Models based on probability distributions have been developed in order to quantify and represent these uncertainties. Nevertheless, the majority of the procedures applied in seismic hazard assessment do not take into account these uncertainties, nor do they show the variance of the results. Therefore, a procedure based on Bayesian statistics was developed to estimate return periods for different ground motion intensities (MSK scale).Bayesian techniques provide a mathematical model to estimate the distribution of random variables in presence of uncertainties. The developed method estimates the probability distribution of the number of occurrences in a Poisson process described by the parameter . The input data are the historical occurrences of intensities for a particular site, represented by a discrete probability distribution for each earthquake. The calculation of these historical occurrences requires a careful preparation of all input parameters, i.e. a modelling of their uncertainties. The obtained results show that the variance of the recurrence rate is smaller in regions with higher seismic activity than in less active regions. It can also be demonstrated that long return periods cannot be estimated with confidence, because the time period of observation is too short. This indicates that the long return periods obtained by seismic source methods only reflects the delineated seismic sources and the chosen earthquake size distribution law. 相似文献
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Grain size and grain shape analysis of fault rocks 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
87.
Mohammad S. Al-Hwaiti Robert A. Zielinski James R. Budahn James F. Ranville Philippe E. Ross 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):178-178
Phosphogypsum is a waste by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry that has relatively high concentrations of some U decay-series radionuclides such as ^226Ra and ^210Pb. The distribution and environmental mobility of radionuclides in phosphogypsum are an important concern because this gypsum by-product is used for wallboard, in agriculture and as a soil amendment. This study determined the distribution of ^226Ra, ^210Pb, within phosphogypsum stacks of varying age and among three size fractions (coarse: 〈0.212 mm; medium: 0.212-0.053 mm; fine: 〈0.053 mm), in phosphogypsum derived from Aqaba and Eshidiya fertilizer plants. The results indicated that ^226Ra and ^210Pb were generally uniformly distributed in phosphogypsum stacks and showed no significant difference in the concentration of these elements with the age of stack. In the Aqaba phosphogypsum ^226Ra was slightly 10% enriched in the coarse fraction, while ^210Pb was 10% enriched in the free size fraction. In the Eshidiya phosphogypsum ^226Ra and ^210Pb contents were both relatively enriched (10%) in the fine size fraction. 相似文献
88.
Risk and uncertainty assessments for waste containment systems employing clay barriers often include spatial variability in
the hydraulic conductivity as part of the analysis. The two-parameter log-normal distribution is often used to describe the
spatial variability, but for compacted clays the three-parameter form can be more appropriate. A statistical hypothesis test
was developed that can be used to determine if the two- or three-parameter form of the log-normal distribution is more appropriate.
The test is based on a likelihood ratio, comparing likelihood functions for the two- and three-parameter forms at their maximums.
Likelihood functions are used assuming that a data set can be segregated into a set of distinct groups of hydraulic conductivities.
A step-by-step calculation procedure is described and the test is applied to data collected from 45 sites. 相似文献
89.
在山西霍山七里峪林场,采用间接的光学测量方法对沿着海拔分布的植物群落主要层叶面积指数(LAI)进行了测量,从不同的角度对LAI的垂直分布规律进行分析。结果表明:1.海拔不同,LAI表现出很大的差异,海拔1750m左右的LAI值大于较高与较低海拔的;对LAI和海拔之间的关系进行回归,得到LAI分布的拟合方程:y=b0+b1x+b2x^2+b3x^3(R=0.712,P〈0.01)。2.同一海拔样带,阴坡LAI均大于阳坡,但对同种种群来说,阴坡树种平均胸径并不一定均大于阳坡。3.植被类型LAI比较表现为:低山针叶林〈低山灌丛〈落叶阔叶林〈落叶针叶林〈常绿针叶林;而主要群系LAI比较表现为:油松林(0.38)〈落叶松林(0.78)〈山杨林及其混交林(1.09)〈白桦林(2.00)〈辽东栎林及其混交林(3.73)。4.典型群落LAI值变化分析和人工林与天然林以,比较表明,LAI值在一定海拔达到最大值,这对于山西霍山人工林栽培和丰产林培育等具有重要意义。 相似文献
90.