广义极值分布及其在水文中的应用

广义极值分布,包括Ｉ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型,是一套完整的统计分布。以往,由于研究不足,常常只能采用极值Ｉ型分布,使应用受到了限制。本文中,详细地探讨了广义极值分布的统计特性,首次研制了该分布的离均系数表,并给出了水文频率计算中的示例。分析表明,应用广义极值分布,也能得到较好的适线结果。特别是有了离均系数表,对水文频率分析和各类统计计算是十分方便的。     

统一分布下的LP估计抗差测度

本文根据定位参数Ｍ估计理论,导出了ＬＰ估计的影响函数,分析了ＬＰ估计的抗差能力,同时还推导了ＬＰ估计的渐近效率,综合抗差能力和效率,分析了ＬＰ估计的优劣性,明确指出,用现测数据中含有粗差扰动的数据和Ｐ为（１,１．２５）的ＬＰ估计进行处理,结果较优,效率较高。     

凡口铅锌矿床海底热泉喷溢成矿的地质地球化学特征

凡口铅锌矿是发育于海相碳酸盐岩建造中的海底热泉喷溢沉积矿床。在研究矿床地质特征和地球化学特征的基础上,总结了发育于同沉积断裂两侧的矿体的形态、产状,矿石组构,成矿元素、微量元素、稀土元素的组成与分布,成矿温度和流体的性质,提出了热泉成矿作用与海相碳酸盐沉积作用同时演化的结论。     

凡口铅锌矿床海底热泉喷溢成矿的物理化学环境

凡口铅锌矿是发育于碳酸盐岩建造中的海底喷溢沉积矿床 ,以“一大二富三集中”的特点和典型的地质地球化学特征吸引着中外矿床地质工作者。叠层状矿体发育于同沉积断裂的旁侧 ,矿层与灰岩呈沉积接触关系。矿石具沉积碎屑组构 ,黄铁矿、闪锌矿具外生特征。稀土元素组成和硫同位素组成反映矿床与同生作用有关。铅同位素组成具有壳源和下地壳来源铅的特征。矿区主要矿层经历海底热泉喷溢沉积—成岩的演化     

Migration and dispersion of trace elements in the rock–soil–plant system in areas underlain by black shales and slates of the Okchon Zone, Korea

The Okchon black shale in Korea provides a typical example of natural geological materials enriched with potentially toxic elements. The Chung-Joo, Duk-Pyung, Geum-Kwan, I-Won, Bo-Eun and Chu-Bu areas are underlain by these black shales and slates of the Guryongsan Formation or the Changri Formation, which are parts of the Okchon Group in the central part of the southern Korean Peninsula. In order to investigate the enrichment levels and dispersion patterns of potentially toxic elements in the rock–soil–plant system, environmental geochemical surveys were undertaken in the above six study areas in the Okchon Zone. After appropriate preparation, rock and soil samples were analyzed for potentially toxic elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and plant samples by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In particular, Ba, Cd, Mo, V and U in Okchon black shales are highly enriched, and their mean concentrations are significantly higher than those in black slates. These elements are geochemically associated, and might be enriched simultaneously. The highest mean concentrations of 42.0 μg g⁻¹ As, 2100 μg g⁻¹ Ba, 10.9 μg g⁻¹ Cd, 213 μg g⁻¹ Mo, 83 μg g⁻¹ U, 938 μg g⁻¹ V and 394 μg g⁻¹ Zn are found in black shales from the Duk-Pyung area. Mean concentrations of As, Mo and U in soils overlying black shales occurring in the Duk-Pyung area (30 μg g⁻¹ As, 24 μg g⁻¹ Mo and 50 μg g⁻¹ U) and Chu-Bu area (39 μg g⁻¹ As, 15 μg g⁻¹ Mo and 27 μg g⁻¹ U) are higher than the permissible level. Enrichment index values of the six study areas decrease in the order of Duk-Pyung > Chu-Bu > Bo-Eun > Chung-Joo > Geum-Kwan = I-Won areas. Relationships between trace element concentrations in soils and plants are significantly correlated, and the biological absorption coefficients (BAC) in plants are in the order of Cd > Zn = Cu > Pb, which suggests that Cd is more bioavailable to plants than the other elements. Cadmium concentrations in plant species decrease in the order of chinese cabbage > red pepper > soybean = sesame > rice stalk > corn > rice grain. From the result of sequential extraction analysis of soils, relatively high proportions of Cu, Pb and Zn are present as residual fractions, and that of Cd as non-residual fractions. Cadmium occurs predominantly as exchangeable/water-acid soluble phase in soils, and this is in agreement with the findings of high Cd concentrations in plants.     

滇-黔-桂微细浸染型金矿床时空分布与成矿流体来源研究

滇-黔-桂微细浸染型金成矿带处于滇-黔-桂裂谷中。金矿床分布与深大断裂存在依附性。金矿带基本展布于深大断裂限定的三角区内,金矿床则分布于深大断裂旁侧或其交叉部位。由幔源岩浆岩(超基性岩及玄武岩)和幔源矿物沿深大断裂分布可推断,深大断裂延伸较深,可达上地幔,属超壳深大断裂。金矿床分布不受地层层位的限制,金矿化具有多层位成矿性。铅、硫、碳、氢、氧同位素地球化学综合对比研究表明,成矿热液中的矿质、矿化剂和水具深源与浅源的混合特征。热液成矿期矿石中石英及萤石的电子自旋共振(ESR)定年结果为68.40±32.41Ma,表明本区金矿床的成矿可能发生在燕山晚期-喜山早期。     

亚南极冰川雪冰内MSA的季节变化(英)

Methanesulphonate was investigated as a potential contributor to the sulphur budget based on the analysis on Antarctic snow/ice from Coffins Ice Cap, King George Island (62°10' S, 58°50,W). The anion was found to be present at a mean concentration of 0. 17 μeq. L-1 with a maximum of 0.73 μeq. L-1. A distinct seasonal variation exists in the top 10 m of the core, equivalent to more than two years of deposition. Dating resulted from δ18O profile suggests that the principal peaks of methanesulphonate are associated with snow deposited in autumn and secondary peaks in spring. The seasonal patterns of methanesulphonate in the subantarctic snow displays a phase difference from that observed in marine air from low and middle latitudes.     

青藏高原积雪分布与变化特征

本文对青藏高原ＳＭＭＲ修积雪深度、ＮＯＡＡ周积雪面积、地面台站积雪深度进行了分析。结果表明青藏高原东西两侧多雪与腹地少雪形成鲜明对比,高原东部是高原积雪年际变化最显著的地区,它主导了整个高原积雪的年际变化,并且与西部多雪区年际波动呈反位相关系。从６０年代到８０年代积雪年际波动幅度有明显增加趋势,积雪变化具有３年左右准周期。随着全球变暖,青藏高原积雪将会有所增加。     

Seismic quiescence before the M 7, 1988, Spitak earthquake, Armenia

A detailed analysis of the 35  yr of seismicity between 1962 and 1997 using a gridding technique shows that the M 7, Spitak earthquake of 1988 December 7 was preceded by a quiescence anomaly that started at approximately 1984±0.5, and lasted about 5±0.5  yr, up to the main shock. This quiescence anomaly had a radius of about 20±3  km, estimated from circular areas with 75 per cent rate decrease, centred at the point of maximum significance of the anomaly. The quiescence was clearly present in the aftershock volume during the 5  yr before the 1988 main shock, but its statistically strongest expression was located 30  km NW of the epicentre. This anomaly fulfills the association rules between precursory quiescence anomalies and main shocks, even for a tight definition, and is therefore proposed as a case of precursory quiescence. The largest value of the standard deviate Z , found by random selection of samples by gridding, was Z =14 for a time window of T _w=3  yr, using a sample size of N =300 events. This makes this anomaly the strongest observed so far, and it is the first documented in an environment of continental collision. There are no false alarms exceeding in significance the precursor. The Armenian earthquake catalogue used for this study had 4600 earthquakes with M ≥ M _min=2.2 in the area bounded by 39.5° to 42°N/42.5° to 47°E. From the point of view of homogeneous reporting this is the best catalogue we have analysed so far. The limits of the data used and the density of the grid are dictated by the data, and have no influence on the results. The choice of free parameters does not influence the results significantly within the following limits: 100≤ N ≤500, 2≤ T _w≤7, 2.2≤ M _min≤2.8.