第二承诺期土地利用、土地利用变化与林业规则的各方观点及对策建议

由土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）活动产生的生态系统的固碳作用,是降低大气中温室气体浓度增加速度的重要途径之一。1997-2001年,经历了长达4 a的艰苦谈判,最终达成了第一承诺期附件一国家利用LULUCF的规则。2008年开始,国际社会开始磋商第二承诺期附件一国家如何利用LULUCF活动的规则。主要缔约方就第二承诺期LULUCF规则提出了各自的观点,发达国家的观点主要包括提高开展碳汇活动的积极性、降低LULUCF规则的复杂性和减少成本、增加《京都议定书》3.4条款下的合格活动等,其目的是在第二承诺期能够利用更多的碳汇完成减排义务;发展中国家主要提出要系统地考虑土地利用造成的温室气体排放和CO2的吸收。最后,针对附件一缔约方在第二承诺期利用LULUCF活动规则,提出了我国应采取的对策建议。     

坑内单管水力反循环取心钻探技术研究

阐明了坑内水力反循环连续取心钻进的原理以及该工艺所具有优点、缺陷及相应的工艺措施。提出了该工艺规程参数的计算原理及计算方法。     

基于数据仓库的数据挖掘技术

从数据挖掘的产生出发，到发展的各个分支，讨论了各种数据挖掘方法的特点和应用对象。介绍典型的算法、它们的优化改进和变形，并分析数据挖掘技术将来面临的问题及发展方向。     

西北地区矿山泥石流及分布特征

矿山泥石流的形成与发生主要是因山区矿产资源开发过程中废石弃土不合理堆排造成的,以其物质来源亦称矿渣型泥石流。矿山泥石流具有人为性、易发性、重发性、危害集中性、可控性特点。截至2005年底,西北五省区发生矿山泥石流灾害247次,直接经济损失3.84亿元,造成426人死亡。小型泥石流占其总数的73.17%。煤矿区泥石流灾害最为严重。小型企业矿山泥石流总数最多,危害最为严重。1994~1998年、2001~2005年是矿山泥石流的高发时期,其中2004年达45次,为历史之最。年内6~9月是泥石流的高发期,亦是防治重点期。     

基于区划变更的自动编码研究

分析了自动编码技术在GIS和信息共享中的研究现状和应用需求,指出在GIS开发和信息共享中编码自动化和编码动态化是最迫切需要解决的两个问题。根据以上的分析,提出基于区划变更的自动编码体系架构,并以点状要素编码为例做了初步实现,具体介绍了系统中规则定制、编码生成、编码升级三个核心功能的实现。     

Exploration Potential of Marine Source Rocks Oil-Gas Reservoirs in China

So far,more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore.Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China:primary reservoirs,secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs.And three exploration prospects have also been suggested:(1)Primary reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea(SCS),the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea (ECS)and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin,Sichuan basin and Ordos basin.To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs.These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China,among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore.(2)Secondary reservoirs prospects,which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin,Sichuan basin,Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China,of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs.(3)Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin,North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin,southern North China basin,Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China,of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic.And the reservoirs formed by late-stage(always Cenozoic)secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore,among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets.As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks,the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields,and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin.No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China's marine petroleum geology,and applying new thoughts,new theories and new technologies,at the same time tackling some key technologies,it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.     

《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》的法律属性析论

《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》(简称《极地规则》)是国际海事组织为极地水域船舶航行安全与防止环境污染制定的技术性国际规则。该规则的体系构成是以MARPOL、SOLAS和STCW三大公约修正案为基础,因此使其对缔约国具有强制约束力,并沿袭了技术性、前瞻性等属性。从普适性角度衡量,该规则因为制定主体、立法结构与实际履约等问题尚不足以构成“一般接受的国际规则和标准”。我国应当吸取其中的先进立法理念,并积极加强国内履约,为即将到来的北极航运高峰做准备。此外,鉴于《极地规则》与《联合国海洋法公约》(简称《公约》)的冰封区域条款之间相对独立,我国在遵守沿海国单边立法的同时应积极倡导在极地地区适用以《极地规则》为核心的统一标准。我国对北极航道的使用呈逐年增加的趋势,这势必要求厘清《极地规则》的法律属性以维护我国的北极航运利益。     

Automatic collision avoidance of multiple ships based on deep Q-learning

As the number of ships for marine transportation increases with the globalisation of the world economy, waterways are becoming more congested than before. This situation will raise the risk of collision of the ships; hence, an automatic collision avoidance system needs to be developed. In this paper, a novel approach based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is proposed for automatic collision avoidance of multiple ships particularly in restricted waters. A training method and algorithms for collision avoidance of ships, incorporating ship manoeuvrability, human experience and navigation rules, are presented in detail. The proposed approach is investigated not only by numerical simulations but also by model experiments using three self-propelled ships. Through the systematic numerical and experimental validation, it is demonstrated the developed approach based on the DRL has great possibility for realising automatic collision avoidance of ships in highly complicated navigational situations.     

Parallel trajectory planning for shipborne Autonomous collision avoidance system

Collision at sea is always a significant issue affecting the safety of ship navigation. The shipborne autonomous collision avoidance system (SACAS) has the great advantage to minimize collision accidents in ship navigation. A parallel trajectory planning architecture is proposed in this paper for SACAS system. The fully-coupled deliberative planner based on the modified RRT algorithm is developed to search for optimal global trajectory in a low re-planning frequency. The fully-coupled reactive planner based on the modified DW algorithm is developed to generate the optimal local trajectory in a high re-planning frequency to counteract the unexpected behavior of dynamic obstacles in the vicinity of the vessel. The obstacle constraints, ship maneuvering constraints, COLREGs rules, trajectory optimality, and real-time requirements are satisfied simultaneously in both global and local planning to ensure the collision-free optimal navigation in compliance with COLREGs rules. The on-water tests of a trimaran model equipped with a model-scale SACAS system are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The good balance between the computational efficiency and trajectory optimality is achieved in parallel trajectory planning.     

基于感兴趣点和滴滴数据的打车需求分析

大数据具有多数据形式、大数据量、传输快捷等优势,大数据分析已逐渐影响和改变人们解决问题的思维方式。本文利用滴滴打车数据和感兴趣点分析人们的打车需求,识别出打车活跃区域。对打车需求数据进行时间划分,核密度分析得到打车聚集区域。统计了打车点附近各类型POI的个数,分析了各区域内打车需求与时间段、地理位置、工作日和周末的关系。发现早高峰(7点到9点)打车与住宅区POI相关,晚高峰(17点到19点)与商铺POI相关,夜晚(21点到2点)打车与公司POI相关,且同一地区在周末与工作日的打车活跃时间不同。