Cyclic testing of unreinforced masonry walls in two‐way bending

An experimental programme was conducted in which eight full‐scale unreinforced masonry walls were subjected to cyclic face loading using a system of airbags. Of the eight walls, six contained a window opening and four were subjected to vertical pre‐compression. Combined supports at the vertical and horizontal edges ensured that under face loading the walls underwent two‐way bending. The test walls were found to possess good post‐peak strength and displacement capacity as well as reasonable energy dissipation characteristics. Significant strength and stiffness degradation and non‐symmetry of strength in the positive and negative displacement directions were also evident. Discussion of the causes of the aforementioned trends and their implications towards the seismic response of masonry walls is provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

知识与规则驱动的国土资源空间数据整合方法研究

本文根据GIS领域知识与规则研究的现状和趋势,结合国土资源行业空间数据的现状和要求,研究了国土资源空间数据知识与规则的研究方法与应用模式,提出了通过提取国土资源空间数据知识与规则,利用语义和组件实现规则的驱动,解决异构国土资源空间数据转换和同构空间数据检查入库自动化难题的国土资源空间数据整合方法。然后以面向地籍、土地利用现状的专题空间数据和面向地籍管理的基础空间数据的知识与规则提取、语义及规则驱动的语义和组件驱动的实现为实例进行了阐述。     

NON-COMPENSATORY DECISION RULES AND CONSUMER SPATIAL CHOICE BEHAVIOR: A TEST OF PREDICTIVE ABILITY*

Two major possible shortcomings of existing spatial choice models are addressed: the inclusion of distance as a monotonically decreasing utility function and the use of compensatory utility-maximizing composition rules. A conceptual framework is outlined incorporating distance as a spatial constraint and non-compensatory composition rule. The findings of a case study which evaluates the predictive ability of this approach suggest that these rules perform satisfactorily, although less so than compensatory rules.     

江西彭山锡铅锌多金属矿床成矿特征与成因浅析

彭山地区燕山晚期形成的钙碱性花岗岩体与区内有色金属矿产的形成具有直接成因上的联系。四个典型矿床的地质特征及控岩控矿特点反映出矿床均受到了穹窿体系中层间滑动断裂及次级断裂的控制。矿田中部分矿床的硫同住素、铅同住素的分析数据表明，矿床的Sn，Pb，Zn矿物质与岩体具有同源性，岩体的侵位过程为矿床的形成带来大量的矿物质。对成矿机制的研究显示板块作用产生的剪切力是造成区内深部岩石重熔的源动力，而早期形成的断裂体系及后期形成穹窿构造为矿物质的运移提供了有利的通道，在完善的循环对流机制配合下，成矿物质在迁移过程中发生较为充分的分异作用，各类矿物质在相应的物化环境中结晶沉淀，并在有利的构造部位富集成矿。     

Evaluation of combination rules for maximum response calculation in multicomponent seismic analysis

The existing rules for combining peak response to individual components of ground motion are evaluated. The response values r_e to two horizontal components of ground motion estimated by four multicomponent combination rules—SRSS‐, 30%‐, 40%‐ and simplified‐SRSS‐rules—are compared with the critical response, r_cr, obtained by the CQC3‐rule, which takes into account the direction of the principal ground components with respect to the structural axes and provides the largest response over all possible seismic incident angles. The following results are obtained in the first part of the paper and are valid for any elastic structure and any earthquake design response spectrum: For realistic values of the ratio γ of the design spectra for the two principal components of ground motion the SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 0.79r_cr and 1.00r_cr, the Simplified‐SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 1.00r_cr and 1.26r_cr, the 40%‐rule estimate lies between 0.99r_cr and 1.25r_cr, and the 30%‐rule estimate lies between 0.92r_cr and 1.16r_cr. None of the multicomponent combination rules account for the increase in response of systems if the vibration periods of the two modes that contribute most to the response to the x‐ and y‐components of ground motion are close to each other. Evaluated in the second part of the paper is the accuracy of the multicomponent combination rules in estimating the response of a range of one‐storey systems with (a) symmetrical plan and (b) unsymmetrical plan, and of two multistorey buildings. The SRSS‐rule underestimates the response by up to 16% and the other three rules overestimate it by up to 18%. Although these errors appear to be smaller than the many approximations inherent in structural design, they can be eliminated with very little additional computation by using an explicit formula for the critical response based on the CQC3 rule. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

略谈我国矿产资源的保护

本文根据矿产资源开发利用的阶段性，阐述了其保护内容，并在探讨保护理论的基础上，提出了我国矿产资源的保护模式及重点，以及构造矿产资源保护体系的设想。     

GIS辅助下的基于数据挖掘的林型遥感分类方法研究

在植被分类领域,各类植被光谱特征非常相近,纹理特征比较单一,并且受物候影响较大,使得影像上林地信息的分类识别的成为一个较复杂的过程。本文利用GIS平台构建由影像、DEM等组成的多元空间数据库,将数据挖掘的方法引入林型遥感分类中,充分利用了现有的空间数据资源,减少了同物异谱、异物同谱对林型遥感分类的影响,增强了分类知识获取的自动化和智能化程度。实验结果表明,该方法具有简化知识获取过程和提高分类精度等优点。     

MODIS-NDVI-based mapping of the length of the growing season in northern Fennoscandia

Northern Fennoscandia is an ecologically heterogeneous region in the arctic/alpine-boreal transition area. Phenology data on birch from 13 stations and 16-day MODIS-NDVI composite satellite data with 250 m resolution for the period 2000 to 2006 were used to map the growing season. A new combined pixel-specific NDVI threshold and decision rule-based mapping method was developed to determine the onset and end of the growing season. A moderately high correlation was found between NDVI data and birch phenology data. The earliest onset of the growing season is found in the narrow strip of lowland between the mountains and the sea along the coast of northern Norway. The onset follows a clear gradient from lowland to mountain corresponding to the decreasing temperature gradient. In autumn, the yellowing of the vegetation shows a more heterogeneous pattern. The length of the growing season is between 100 and 130 days in 55% of the study area.     

Mining significant crisp-fuzzy spatial association rules

Spatial association rule mining (SARM) is an important data mining task for understanding implicit and sophisticated interactions in spatial data. The usefulness of SARM results, represented as sets of rules, depends on their reliability: the abundance of rules, control over the risk of spurious rules, and accuracy of rule interestingness measure (RIM) values. This study presents crisp-fuzzy SARM, a novel SARM method that can enhance the reliability of resultant rules. The method firstly prunes dubious rules using statistically sound tests and crisp supports for the patterns involved, and then evaluates RIMs of accepted rules using fuzzy supports. For the RIM evaluation stage, the study also proposes a Gaussian-curve-based fuzzy data discretization model for SARM with improved design for spatial semantics. The proposed techniques were evaluated by both synthetic and real-world data. The synthetic data was generated with predesigned rules and RIM values, thus the reliability of SARM results could be confidently and quantitatively evaluated. The proposed techniques showed high efficacy in enhancing the reliability of SARM results in all three aspects. The abundance of resultant rules was improved by 50% or more compared with using conventional fuzzy SARM. Minimal risk of spurious rules was guaranteed by statistically sound tests. The probability that the entire result contained any spurious rules was below 1%. The RIM values also avoided large positive errors committed by crisp SARM, which typically exceeded 50% for representative RIMs. The real-world case study on New York City points of interest reconfirms the improved reliability of crisp-fuzzy SARM results, and demonstrates that such improvement is critical for practical spatial data analytics and decision support.     

基于大数据的城市服务业空间关联分析

信息技术与电商平台的发展,产生了各种各样的大数据。在城市服务业中,商家在电商平台上注册自己带有坐标的信息,构成了空间服务业的空间大数据源。首先建立限定距离阈值的空间关联规则数据模型,介绍该模型产生频繁项集和关联规则的方法与步骤。最后利用Python爬取糯米网南宁站的商家信息,用Apriori算法做出了10~1 000 m 6种距离阈值的空间关联规则和服务业空间频繁项集。