气象卫星遥感西北太平洋海温的研究

在提取ＧＭＳ－４红外通道晴空亮温的基础上，用３种方法对１９９３年８月西北太平洋海温进行了反演试验。误差放大的内在特性使得单通道物理法误差显著，所以，建立了一个单通道统计方法，精度（１．１８℃）上优于同类方法；还将ＴＯＶＳ资料与ＧＭＳ资料结合起来，建立海温多通道统计反演方法，精度（１．０６℃）达到了当代同类方法的精度（０．５—１．３６℃）。两种统计方法得到了与实况相近的海温反演分布     

核地球物理学X辐射取样技术研究和应用

本文论述了X辐射取样技术的物理基础。对X辐射取样中存在的三个关键性技术问题：不平度效应、不均匀效应和基体效应,进行了系统地分析与研究,提出了解决问题的方法技术,并成功地应用于金、锡和铜矿种的普查、勘探和矿山开采各阶段,能满足生产部门的要求。     

龙门山典型河流形态变化的潜在地震因素分析

以岷江支流白沙河和涪江支流湔江为例,探讨了2008年汶川地震之后龙门山地区河流形态的变化及其可能的长期构造地貌效应。研究表明,2008年汶川地震地表破裂带穿越河流形成裂点（跌水）,地震触发的山体滑坡、泥石流堵塞河道形成堰塞湖,致使河流形态及河流水动力条件随之发生变化。河流同震裂点在震后迅速消失,部分河段出现“裁弯取直”的趋势,这可能与河流中激增的沉积通量有关。随着周期性大地震的复发,河流的沉积-侵蚀过程会不断改变,伴随着震间活动断裂持续的构造变形,龙门山河流形态可能会发生快速变化。      

基于多种底图的云检测

利用静止卫星红外和短波红外通道资料的特点,生成了红外亮温底图与红外减短波红外差异底图,并充分利用这几种底图的特性,结合时空相似性检测来进行云检测的校正,实现了用动态阈值技术进行云检测.分析表明,红外亮温底图对于中高云系的检测效果较好,差异底图对于中低云系的检测效果较好,通过时空不同性测试可以将误检为云的晴空重新识别出来.算法取得了较好的检测效果.     

近百年来黄河改道及输沙量变化对山东半岛泥质楔沉积物粒度特征的影响

对山东半岛泥质楔柱状样进行沉积物粒度分析,并在210Pb测年基础上结合黄河年输沙量、悬浮泥沙粒径、河口位置及沿岸流强弱替代指标等数据研究近百年来黄河改道及输沙量变化对远端沉积区沉积特征的影响。研究结果显示,研究区沉积物粒度的变化是黄河入海泥沙特征和沿岸流等水动力作用共同影响的结果。1884–1939年及1947–1999年,研究区沉积物粒度特征的变化主要受到沿岸流强弱的影响;1939–1947年及1999–2012年,受1938–1947年花园口决堤以及20世纪90年代末以来黄河年输沙量持续偏低致使源区泥沙不足的影响,沉积物粒度相对粗化,与沿岸流强度的相关性减弱。与黄河入海泥沙近端沉积区不同,研究区粒度特征对黄河尾闾改道事件不敏感,且对花园口决堤及年输沙量低于临界值的响应有一定程度的延迟,这与该区沉积物经历了再悬浮过程及中间复杂的物质混合有关。黄河改道及输沙量变化仍然是远端沉积区沉积特征演化不可忽视的因素。     

南海莺歌海盆地黄流组海底扇储层构型特征*

南海莺歌海盆地东方X气田中新统黄流组一段发育浅海海底扇沉积,沉积类型特殊,砂体连通性复杂,对储层构型的研究较为薄弱,影响了该地区的油气勘探和开发。以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学、地震沉积学等理论为指导,结合岩心、钻井、测井、三维地震和地震波阻抗反演成果等资料,对东方X气田中新统黄流组一段Ⅱ_b气组海底扇构型单元及砂体分布规律进行研究。结果表明: 研究区海底扇主要发育中扇亚相的水道沉积、堤岸沉积、席状砂和扇缘砂; Ⅱ_b气组以水道沉积及席状砂为主,2期水道沉积以充填沉积作用为主,整体呈NW-SE向展布;储集层内部砂体有层状充填、垂向切叠及侧向切叠3种叠置样式; 储层构型主控因素包括物源供给、地形坡度及重力流能量。     

Dispersal and fate of dredged materials disposed of in the Changjiang Estuary determined by use of an in situ rare earth element tracer

To investigate the dispersal pattern and the fate of dredged materials disposed at a pre-selected disposal site, a field tracer experiment was conducted in the North Passage of the Changjiang Estuary during the 2005 flood season. Three tons of dredged materials were mixed with 2.792 kg of sodium hexachloroiridate (IV) hexahydrate (SHH), which contained the rare earth element tracer iridum (Ir). Sampling was conducted at pre-selected sections of the estuary on the second, third and fourth day after the release of dredged materials. All samples were evaluated by use of neutron activation analysis. The majority of the dredged material was dispersed nearly parallel to the navigation channel and deposited between the channel and the south dike. Only a small quantity of dredged materials entered or crossed the navigation channel, and the back silting ratio in the navigation channel was about 5%. The dredged materials also dispersed southeasterly beyond two dike heads.     

Discontinuous headwater stream networks with stable flowheads,Salmon River basin,Idaho

Headwater streams expand, contract, and disconnect in response to seasonal moisture conditions or those related to individual precipitation events. The fluctuation of the surface flow extent, or active drainage network, reflects catchment storage characteristics and has important impacts on stream ecology; however, the hydrological mechanisms that drive this phenomenon are still uncertain. Here, we present field surveys of the active drainage networks of four headwater streams in Central Idaho's Frank Church‐River of No Return Wilderness (7–21 km²) spanning the spring and summer months of 2014. We report the total length of the active drainage networks, which varied as a power law function with stream discharge with an average exponent of 0.11 ± 0.03 (range of 0.05–0.20). Generally, these active drainage networks were less responsive to changes in discharge than many streams in past studies. We observed that the locations where surface flow originates, or flowheads, were often stable, and an average of 64% of the change in active drainage network length was explained by downstream discontinuities. Analysis of geologic and geomorphic characteristics of individual watersheds and flowheads suggests that most flowheads below approximately 2200 m are supported by stable flowpaths controlled by bedrock structure. At higher elevations, small accumulation areas and saturation of shallow and conductive soil and colluvium after snowmelt result in more mobile flowhead locations. The dynamics of active drainage networks can help illuminate the spatiotemporal structure of flowpaths supporting surface flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型水氡仪质量检测及台站比测实验研究

针对目前地震水氡模拟观测操作繁琐、干扰因素多等现状,引入新型水氡观测仪进行检测并与FD-125测氡仪开展对比试验研究。两款水氡观测仪在地震监测氡观测仪检测平台标准氡室校准,并依托九江地震台相同水样和环境下开展对比测量表明,在静置时间为1 h前提下,新型水氡观测仪重复性、相对误差、相对固有误差、固有本底符合技术要求,与FD-125测氡仪对比测量数据的一致性较好,但灵敏度指标有待提升。该仪器整体设计基本满足地震模拟水氡测量发展需求,可减少人工操作带来的测量误差,提升测量效率和数据质量。