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51.
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Shin Okamoto Nagahide Kani Masahiko Higashino Norihide Koshika Masayuki Kimizuka Mitsumasa Midorikawa Masanori Iiba 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2002,1(2):213-225
The Building Standard Law of Japan and related Enforcement Order and Notifications have been substantially revised since the
year 2000 to introduce a performance-based regulatory and deregulation system for building control systems. Up to then, time-history
analyses were mandatory for isolated buildings and had to be specially approved by the Minster of the Ministry of Construction
(MOC). Simplified design procedures based on the equivalent linear method for seismically isolated buildings have been issued
as “Notification 2009 — Structural calculation procedure for buildings with seismic isolation” from MOC, and are now integrated
into the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation (MLIT). Along with Notification 2009, “Notification 1446 of
year 2000 — Standard for specifications and test methods for seismic isolation devices” was also issued. Buildings with heights
equal to or less than 60m and that are designed according to these Notifications, including base isolated buildings, only
need approval from local building officials, and no longer require the special approval of the Minister of MLIT. This paper
summarizes: 1) some statistics related to buildings with seismic isolation completed up to the end of 2001; 2) simplified
design procedures required by Notification 2009 of year 2000; and 3) performance of seismic isolation devices required by
Notification 1446 of year 2000. 相似文献
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Geographies of Displacement: The Karenni and The Shan Across The Myanmar-Thailand Border 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
First, central to our analysis is the argument that human movement within and across borders fundamentally challenges the view of geopolitics based upon fixed territorial states, inter-state relations, national identities and citizenship; indeed the whole idea of "national geographic". Using the examples of the Karen and Shan peoples, we explore the processes and patterns of forced relocation, displacement and migration in the border regions of Myanmar and Thailand. Our main concern is with forced displacement as a result of political and ethnic conflict; specifically, how the Burmese military regime's desire for "national unity" within Myanmar's "national space" has influenced the militarily inspired displacements of hundreds of thousands of villagers and civilians within the border zones inhabited mostly by so-called "national minorities". We examine the particular problems of the so-called "internally displaced persons" within "national" boundaries compared with the "refugees" and "undocumented migrants" who make it across "international" space into Thailand. We illustrate the ways displaced people are represented by state agencies and the media as "threats" and "transgressors". We consider some of the "long term" aspects of the displacement problem along the Myanmar-Thai border and the vital contribution geographers can make to the study of displacement. 相似文献
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Introduction The rock medium shows mainly elastic character under low-temperature, low-pressure and external force for short duration, yet it shows rheologic property under high-temperature, high-pressure and long-time external force. It is reasonable that the rapid earthquake generating process lasted for tens seconds is analyzed by the elastic theory. As for the earthquake generating process for hundreds or thousand years, nevertheless, the rheologic property of rock must be taken into accou… 相似文献
58.
Results of a detailed statistical study of constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios to estimate maximum lateral inelastic displacement demands on existing structures from maximum lateral elastic displacement demands are presented. These ratios were computed for single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems with different levels of lateral strength normalized to the strength required to remain elastic when subjected to a relatively large ensemble of recorded earthquake ground motions. Three groups of soil conditions with shear wave velocities higher than 180m/s are considered. The influence of period of vibration, level of lateral yielding strength, site conditions, earthquake magnitude, distance to the source, and strain‐hardening ratio are evaluated and discussed. Mean inelastic displacement ratios and those associated with various percentiles are presented. A special emphasis is given to the dispersion of these ratios. It is concluded that distance to the source has a negligible influence on constant relative strength inelastic displacement ratios. However, for periods smaller than 1s earthquake magnitude and soil conditions have a moderate influence on these ratios. Strain hardening decreases maximum inelastic displacement at a fairly constant rate depending on the level of relative strength for periods of vibration longer than about 1.0s while it decreases maximum inelastic displacement non‐linearly as the period of vibration shortens and as the relative‐strength ratio increases for periods of vibration shorter than 1.0s. Finally, results from non‐linear regression analyses are presented that provide a simplified expression to be used to approximate mean inelastic displacement ratios during the evaluation of existing structures built on firm sites. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
59.
A new inelastic structural control algorithm is proposed by incorporating the force analogy method (FAM) with the predictive instantaneous optimal control (PIOC) algorithm. While PIOC is very effective in compensating for the time delay for elastic structures, the FAM is highly efficient in performing the inelastic analysis. Unlike conventional inelastic analysis methods of changing stiffness, the FAM analyzes structures by varying the structural displacement field, and therefore the state transition matrix needs to be computed only once. This greatly simplifies the computation and makes inelastic analysis readily applicable to the PIOC algorithm. The proposed algorithm compensates for the time delay that happens in practical control systems by predicting the inelastic structural response over a period that equals the magnitude of the time delay. A one‐story frame with both strain‐hardening and strain‐softening inelastic characteristics is analyzed using this algorithm. Results show that the proposed control algorithm is feasibile for any inelastic structures. While the control efficiency deteriorates with the increase in magnitude of the time delay, the PIOC maintains acceptable performance within a wide range of time delay magnitudes. Finally, a computer model of a six‐story moment‐resisting steel frame is analyzed to show that PIOC has good control results for real inelastic structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
60.
结合水动力学原理在尼尔基水利枢纽·右岸副坝下游浸没研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
应用结合水动力学原理,采用野外调查和室内试验研究相结合、宏观 观研究和粘土微观研究相结合的方法,对粘土层的渗流特征进行了专门研究,确定粘土起始比降I0值,以确定测压水位与粘土不带水位、毛细力与毛管水上升高度之间的关系。在三维渗流电网络计算的基础上,进一步进行了粘土层内含水带的埋深计算,并重新选定毛管水上升高度值和浸没临界深度。研究结果表明,副坝下游浸没范围和程度大大减轻,只要进行适当的工程处理,下游浸没影响当可消除,建筑物安全也是有保证的。 相似文献