不均衡的跨国人口流动：对美墨移民历程与政策的思考

美国是全球最大的移民接收国,墨西哥是美国最大的移民来源国,特殊的地缘关系和巨大的发展差距使众多墨西哥人移民美国。墨裔移民为美国提供了充足的劳动力,在美墨边境地区,移民集聚带动了两国边境地区的发展。但族裔矛盾始终是美国主要社会问题之一,特别是“9·11”事件后,少数族裔和非法移民问题加剧美国社会分裂和对立,成为美国国内政治博弈的焦点。基于区域地缘关系的视角来看,美国与墨西哥之间长期不对等的国际关系决定了跨国移民的流入状态和生存境遇,也是美国族群矛盾的主要原因之一。移民问题政治化将持续强化墨裔移民政策的不确定性,使移民个人与家庭面临更大的融入困难。     

RCEP自贸区的建立及其成员国间贸易格局演化

RCEP自贸区是目前全球体量最大的自由贸易区,是中国推动多边贸易体制发展、引领包容性全球化的重要平台和载体。推动RCEP自贸区建设对中国对外贸易格局优化、形成国内国际双循环的新发展格局具有重要意义。本文梳理RCEP自贸区建立过程,解析RCEP成员国间贸易格局演变态势,以期为中国引领RCEP自贸区发展提供支撑。研究认为：①RCEP自贸区的建立可划分为构思、谈判和建设三个阶段,东盟发挥了核心引领作用,但中国的作用逐步增强;②2001—2019年,RCEP成员国间的贸易联系快速提升,总体经历了快速增长、平稳发展、波动上升三个时期,RCEP在世界贸易格局中的地位不断上升;③2001年以来,RCEP贸易网络由以日本为核心的单核结构逐渐转变为以中国、日本为核心的双核结构,再转变为以中国为核心的单核结构;④RCEP成员国间的贸易关系演化呈多样化特征,综合贸易规模和贸易集中度,可将各国演化模式划分为6类。其中,中国、越南、澳大利亚等国均属于快速增长型,在RCEP自贸区中的贸易地位明显上升;文莱、日本、新加坡等国家的贸易地位则下降比较明显。     

黑龙江省内部中长期城镇人口迁移行为分析与建模

人口迁移的时空分异与影响机制一直是人口学研究关注的焦点。本文基于社保关系转移视角,从时间和空间两个维度探究黑龙江省城镇工作人口省内的中长期迁移规律与时空分异特征,并且结合人口推拉理论与OD模型,综合考虑经济和就业政策因素,建立了能够反映以社保劳动关系转移为基础的中长期人口迁移动力学模型。研究结果表明：基于社保关系的城镇工作人口迁移符合截断指数幂律分布,呈现列维飞行特点;该省省内人口迁出呈现多层级跨区域分布格局,人口迁入呈现“四核心-环东南”格局,人口迁入与迁出空间格局具有一定程度的类似性;黑龙江省边境城市人口流失情况较为严重;城镇职工迁移行为的无序性不断加大,迁移的频率较高;但是经过通过模拟,该省城镇职工的迁移系统趋向于平衡发展。     

Influence of size on the constitutive equations of concrete or rock dowels

The numerical fracture analysis of non‐homogeneous rock or concrete dowels subjected to shear and compression is described in detail. The method of analysis allows the consideration of scale and rate effects due to material non‐homogeneity and fracture. The proposed approach is verified by comparing numerical predictions with experimental results reported in the literature for a series of small rock samples, since experimental evidence for large bodies is not yet available (2007). Results generated by Monte Carlo simulation using the so‐called discrete element method to model the dowels suggest that a simple three parameters law can be used to predict the relationship between tangential stress at the base and lateral distortion. It is observed that the larger the size of the cubes, the smaller both the peak tangential stress and the rupture distortion. Size effects are also evaluated in samples with vertical restraint. The influence of loading rate is likewise numerically assessed for two sample sizes. The effect is compatible with experimental evidence available for concrete using small samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution of stars perpendicular to the plane of the galaxy

We present here rigorous analytical solutions for the Boltzmann-Poisson equation concerning the distribution of stars above the galactic plane. The number density of stars is considered to follow a behaviour n(m,0) ∼H(m - m₀)m^−x, wherem is the mass of a star andx an arbitrary exponent greater than 2 and also the velocity dispersion of the stars is assumed to behave as < v²(m)> ∼ m^−θ the exponent θ being arbitrary and positive. It is shown that an analytic expression can be found for the gravitational field K_z, in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions, the limiting trends being K_z∼z for z →0, while K_z → constant for z → infinity. We also study the behaviour of < |z(m)|²>,i.e. the dispersion of the distance from the galactic disc for the stars of massm. It is seen that the quantity < |z(m)|²>∼ m^t-θ, for m→ t, while it departs significantly from this harmonic oscillator behaviour for stars of lighter masses. It is suggested that observation of < |z(m)|²> can be used as a probe to findx and hence obtain information about the mass spectrum.     

一种基于短时傅立叶变换的脉冲星消色散算法

叙述了一种基于短时傅立叶变换的脉冲星消色散算法。首先介绍了脉冲星的色散形成原因以及几种当今流行的消色散算法。接着介绍了短时傅立叶变换,并在此基础上提出了一种基于短时傅立叶变换的消色散算法。然后详细讲述了这种消色散算法的具体实现步骤,并且比较了在选取不同长度的时间窗函数的情况下,消色散的处理过程和残余色散量。最后,通过将这种算法的计算量以及结果和其他几种算法做横向比较,得出了结论:这种消色散算法的计算量小,实现简单,可以有效的进行消色散处理。     

应力分散型预应力抗拔桩系列技术研究与应用

根据目前国内外预应力抗拔抗浮桩、部分粘结预应力抗拔抗浮桩的优缺点以及使用的局限性——长螺旋钻机对于桩径＞800 mm或桩长＞30 m的桩力不从心,研究了应力分散型预应力抗拔桩及钢筋钢绞线笼系列技术,用于一个直径1 m、桩长60 m的抗拔桩工程,采用旋挖成孔,可实现在工程桩上进行大吨位试桩,受力合理,节省资金和工期,实践证明该系列技术有很好的应用前景。     

复合面状对象拓扑关系的表达模型

为表达复合面状对象间的细节拓扑关系,对经典9-交集模型进行了改进,给出两种基于分解思想的9-交集模型,其中分解成简单区域的9-交集模型方法相对简单,但表现形式繁琐;分解成点集的9-交集模型的表现形式符合经典9-交集模型,但计算较为复杂。通过示例比较了两种扩展9-交集模型及经典9-交集模型的表达能力。结果表明,两种扩展交集模型均能准确地表达出复合面状对象各子部分之间的拓扑关系的细节,扩充了9-交集模型的表达能力。     

地理国情普查中地表覆盖分类数据典型问题解析

由于地理国情普查是一个全新的、有别于其他测绘项目的新兴项目,在生产过程中难免会出现各种各样的问题。本文结合生产实际,对于地表覆盖分类数据生产过程中出现的一些特征明显、问题集中的错误进行归类解析。     

Experimenting with spaces of encounter: Creative interventions to develop meaningful contact

To-date geographical research on encounters has primarily comprised observation of naturalistic settings (both micro publics and everyday public spaces) or narrative accounts of encounters generated by conventional methods, this paper focuses on a contrived spatial experiment to create meaningful contact across difference. Inspired by, and drawing on insights from, Architecture – a discipline relatively neglected by geographers in recent times – we use a creative form of spatial play to stimulate groups of people to explore their differences and to develop shared understandings. Whereas previous studies have identified the importance of material objects in art projects and home spaces in mediating relations between people, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the physical configuration of space in work on encounters, despite the fact that geography is a spatial discipline. Here, we engage directly with the role of the form and function of space. Our spatial experiments demonstrate how paying attention to the materiality of micro-spaces rather than social relations alone, can provide insights into the generation of positive interactions by contributing to a greater understanding of how meaningful encounters happen, and what can be done to facilitate them. Specifically, by exploring the size and configuration of space, issues of ownership and surveillance, the relationship between primary and secondary space, and aural architecture this research identifies how working together to create a shared private or intimate space – might facilitate a sense of empowerment and the production of social relations characterised by democracy and inclusion.