山东五莲碱性三元长石的微结构研究

笔者对产于山东五莲县七宝山辉石二长岩中的碱性长石进行了电子探针,Ｘ射线衍射,透射电子显微镜以及＾２９ＳｉＭＡＳＮＭＲ谱研究,确定五莲碱性三元长石（Ｏｒ５０．３,Ａｂ４４．３Ａｎ５．４）为钾长石和钠长石共格出溶连晶,其基体钾长石为单斜对称,在透射电子显微镜下未见其呈现任何微结构,而在钠长石中见到宽度为１０．４ｎｍ（钠长石的８ｂ０）的片晶相互形成周期钠长石律双晶,钠长石叶片的宽度平均为３９ｎｍ（ｎ＝４     

固化软土微观结构效应

为了尽快提高地基加固的效率,对吹填土采用水泥和石灰进行快速加固,对加入添加剂固化后吹填土的微观结构应用计算机图像处理技术进行了定量分析,得出了袁征结构单元体和孔隙大小、形态及定向性等结构要素的定量评价指标.不同的添加剂含量对结构单元体大小的影响较大,当水泥掺入比为15%而石灰的掺入比为20%时,添加剂的胶结作用表现最好;添加剂的加入使得孔隙变小,结构变得比较致密,固化后土体强度得到了一定提高.     

黄土微结构的试验研究

本文通过电镜扫描分析手段,对Q3黄土试验场地土样微结构特征的各项指标进行了比较和分析,旨在找出其规律性。同时,本文还介绍了黄土微结构的研究方法和要求。结合室内实验,对所获得的一系列黄土特性量化指标进行了分析对比,揭示了微结构与黄土液化之间的内在联系。研究结果表明,由统计值变异系数,能达到对黄土场地液化势起到相当程度确定性的目的,验证了利用微结构研究黄土结构变化的可行性。     

Regional variation in exhumation and strain rate of the high-pressure Sambagawa metamorphic rocks in central Shikoku, south-west Japan

Regional variation in the P–T path of the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks, central Shikoku, Japan has been inferred from compositional zoning of metamorphic amphibole. Rocks constituting the northern part (Saruta River area) exhibit a hairpin type P–T path, where winchite/actinolite grew at the prograde stage, the peak metamorphism was recorded by the growth of barroisite to hornblende and sodic amphibole to winchite/actinolite grew at the retrograde stage. In the southern part (Asemi River area), rocks exhibit a clockwise type P–T path, where barroisite to hornblende core is rimmed by winchite to actinolite. The difference in P–T path could suggest a faster exhumation rate (i.e. more rapid decompression) in the southern than in the northern part. On the other hand, physical conditions of deformation during the exhumation stage have been independently inferred from microstructures in deformed quartz. Recrystallized quartz grains in rocks from the low‐grade (chlorite and garnet) zones are much more stretched in the southern part (aspect ratio ≥ 4.0) than in the northern part (aspect ratio< 4.0), indicating a higher strain rate in the former than in the latter. These facts may indicate that the exhumation and strain rates are correlated (i.e. the exhumation rate increases with increasing the strain rate). The difference in the exhumation rate inferred from amphibole zoning between the northern and southern parts could be explained by an extensional model involving normal faulting, where the lower plate can be exhumed faster than the upper plate due to the displacement along the fault. Furthermore, the model may explain the positive correlation between the exhumation and strain rates, because the lower plate tended to support more stress than the upper plate.     

Non-Critical Precursory Accelerating Seismicity Theory (NC PAST) and limits of the power-law fit methodology

Iron formation rocks of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil, were deformed at greenschist facies. Quartz grains in bedding parallel veins were sheared and deformed by a combination of mechanisms assisted by aqueous fluids. Veins in the outcrop appear to be stretched parallel to the compositional layering. The overall vein shapes resemble those of boundinage and pinch and swell. In thin sections, veins show microstructures similar to those observed in hand samples, where domains of large quartz crystals are pulled apart for several millimeters. The voids between quartz fragments are filled with domains of polycrystalline quartz. The microstructural and orientation data show that the strain imposed on the vein as a rigid and competent layer was not accommodated in the quartz polycrystals exclusively by crystal plastic deformation or dynamic recrystallization. The new grains are strain-free, with straight boundaries and with weak to random crystallographic fabrics. We interpret these features to have resulted from a combination of processes, which included grain boundary sliding accomplished by solution transfer. We propose that the coeval operation of both mechanisms allows the aggregate to deform at higher strain rates without necking of the vein layer in a type of flow similar to those described in superplastic regimes.     

海峡西岸一次雾过程微结构及其起伏特征研究

2013年春季在福建省厦门市开展了海雾综合观测,选取了4月17日一次海雾期间的能见度、常规气象要素和雾滴谱资料,分析了沿岸海雾发生时的天气系统和微结构特征,并讨论了气象要素的起伏对雾发展、持续、消散及其微结构起伏的影响。海雾间歇阶段和消散阶段均有风速风向的突变;含水量、数浓度、平均直径和最大直径在不同阶段均有明显的差异,即使在同一阶段也不断波动;海雾爆发性增强过程中雾滴谱出现爆发性拓宽,平均直径、数密度和含水量骤然增大,宏观的气象条件也发生了明显变化;海雾不同阶段由于湍流、辐射以及气象条件的差异,雾滴空间分布的不连续,雾滴核化、凝结、碰并和蒸发作用,微结构的起伏较大。      

黄土湿陷机理研究现状及发展趋势

在回顾早期黄土湿陷机理研究成果的基础上,概述了黄土湿陷机理的发展历程,从微观结构、数理分析方法、土力学角度和建立本构模型4个方面总结了黄土湿陷机理的研究现状。通过工程实例研究提出了当前黄土湿陷机理发展中存在的问题;并对其发展趋势进行了分析。认为应以黄土微观结构研究为基础,结合先进测试仪器和分析软件,从非饱和土力学的角度出发,采用离散元分析手段,考虑溶盐因素,系统建立各种应力路径下黄土湿陷本构关系,从而完善黄土湿陷机理的研究。这对正确理解和研究黄土湿陷机理具有重大的理论意义和指导意义。     

地形效应和局部地质构造对计算同震形变的影响——以2011年日本东北大地震（Mw9.0）为例

本文利用二维有限元数值模拟方法,以2011年日本东北M_w9.0级大地震为例,探讨了地形和局部地质构造等物理因素对计算同震形变的影响.计算中使用了双节点技术构成断层滑动面,同时考虑了均质、层状、地形以及俯冲板片等不同构造介质模型.对不同介质模型分别计算并进行比较,以便考察不同物理因素的影响.数值计算结果表明：海沟地形对计算同震形变的影响非常大,局部地质构造的影响也很明显,而同时考虑地形和局部地质构造所产生的影响要比仅考虑地形效应更大,其影响在水平方向和垂直方向上分别达到-1.78~0.8 m和-1.4~0.64 m,相应的百分比分别为34%和92%.这些结果表明起伏较大的地形（特别是海山）及局部地质构造对计算同震形变的影响都不容忽略,它们均能被现代大地测量技术（如GPS、InSAR等）观测到,在计算同震形变或进行断层反演时应该加以考虑.     

Modification of fault slip models of the Mw 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake by far field GPS observations

GPS data from Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) are used to derive far-field co-seismic displacements induced by the M_w 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake. Significant horizontal displacements about 30 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm were caused by this large event in northeast China, north China, and on the Korean peninsula respectively. Vectors of relatively large horizontal displacements with dominant east components pointed to the epicenter of this earthquake. The east components show an exponential decay with the longitude, which is characteristic of the decay of the co-seismic horizontal displacements associated with earthquakes of thrust rupture. The exponential fit of the east components shows that the influence of the co-seismic displacements can be detected by GPS at a distance of about 3200 km from the epicenter of the earthquake. By considering the capability of the far field displacements for constraining the inversion of the fault slip model of the earthquake, we use spherically stratified Earth models to simulate the co-seismic displacements induced by this event. Using computations and comparisons, we discuss the effects of parameters of layered Earth models on the results of dislocation modeling. Comparisons of the modeled and observed displacements show that far field GPS observations are effective for constraining the fault slip model. The far field horizontal displacements observed by GPS are used to modify the slips and seismic moments of fault slip models. The result of this work is applicable as a reference for other researchers to study seismic source rupture and crustal deformation.     

太行山北段中新生代断层岩的显微构造研究

太行山北段是大兴安岭 -太行山 -武陵山构造带中段的典型构造区 ,区内 2条主断裂 (紫荆关断裂和乌龙沟断裂 )组成的断裂带发育中、新生代的碎裂岩系列断层岩。通过对断裂带内不同岩性原岩区的断层岩进行详细的显微构造研究 ,分析了 3种主要变形强度类型的断层岩 (碎裂化岩石或构造角砾岩、初碎裂岩、碎裂岩 )的区域分布、显微结构以及微观变形机制 ,鉴定出断层岩中的 3期构造变形叠加 ,结合区域资料探讨了区内中、新生代断层岩反映的 3期主要构造运动及其特征 ,显示出构造强度逐渐减弱的演化趋势