中国低硒带人群硒营养状态的变化趋势与成因分析

就近20年来中国低硒带人群硒营养状态的变化进行了对比分析,并对其成因作了探讨。自1974～1976年以来低硒带人群的硒营养水平明显提高,一般经济发展较快的地区提高幅度较大,边陲贫困地区仍处于较低水平。在人群中的变化也不均衡,发硒含量≤0.100μg/g的地区硒易感性疾病患病率仍较高,>0.150μg/g的人群占绝对优势的地区病情基本得到控制,病区自然消退。经济发展,物质交流。居民膳食结构改变以及外源性硒输入是低硒带人群硒营养水平提高的主要原因。我国克山病、大骨节病将随着居民硒营养水平的不断提高得到基本控制。     

青藏公路多年冻土段路基病害分布规律

多年冻土道路多出现路基沉陷变形和路基路面开裂破坏这两类病害.根据青藏公路大量调查资料,对路基病害与多年冻土类型及其稳定程度、工程历史、路基高度、路基边坡坡向的关系进行了分析.结果表明,多年冻土稳定性差、工程完工时间长、位于路基阳坡面的沉陷和纵裂均较严重,而低路堤沉陷与高路堤纵裂均较严重.     

牙鲆的疾病

综述当前国内外报道的养殖牙鲆危害严重的主要疾病及其防治方法。按牙鲆的病毒病、细菌病、寄生原虫病、吸虫病等顺序分别叙述了各主要病害，尤其对危害严重的病害种类如：牙鲆弹状病毒病、肠道白浊病、鳗弧菌病、腹胀病、腹水病、牙鲆出血性败血病等进行了较为详细的记述，以期对牙鲆疾病的研究提供参考材料     

海洋微生物技术

海洋生物技术学（ＭａｒｉｎｅＢｉｏｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,或称海洋生物工程学）兴起于本世纪８０年代。海洋微生物技术是海洋生物技术学的一个组成部分。文中就抗生素、抗心血管化合物、抗病毒及抗肿瘤化合物、海洋生物毒素及酶等海洋生物活性物质,生物粘膜和生物污着,海洋污染的生物治理及水产养殖动物病害诊断与防治等海洋微生物技术的最新进展作了比较全面的综述。     

病毒: 海洋生态动力学和疾病学研究的创新点

病毒在海水中的浓度为10^7～10^9个／mL，多种多样的海洋病毒几乎对所有的海洋生物都有影响，5％～40％的海洋生物是被病毒销毁的，近30％海洋蓝藻和60％游离异养菌的死亡与病毒有关。地球26％的碳循环经海洋病毒完成。病毒可以影响许多生物地球化学过程和生态学过程，包括营养物循环、颗粒大小分布和沉积率、细菌和藻类的多样性和物种分布、赤潮控制、全球气候变化和种闻基因转移。各种生物种群内和种群闻有机会充分接触，为病毒传播及变异创造了条件，使海洋系统成为极富多样性的原始病毒库，除了对海洋细菌、蓝细菌、真核藻类、浮游生物等重要海洋初级生产力和次级生产力相关的种群的感染而影响整个海洋生态系以外，病毒还导致海水养殖品种发生多种病毒性痰病，病毒生态学特征对海洋生物痰病的发生和流行起着十分关键的影响作用。虽然国际上海洋病毒研究取得了重要的研究进展，但与海洋病毒的实际作用相比，研究还只是初现端倪，学科具有广阔的发展空间。     

含氯消毒剂用于细菌性虾病防治的药理

探讨次氯酸钙和二氯异氰尿酸钠两种代表性含氯消毒药物,为含氯消毒剂应用于细菌性虾病的防治提供理论依据。实验表明:有效氯在海水中的丧失随温度上升、pH值下降而加速。常见对虾病原菌对有效氯非常敏感,有机物增加、pH值上升使杀菌率下降。两种药物对实验中国对虾的48h半致死浓度为2.74～2.88mg/L有效氯。长期施以高于安全浓度的药物对实验虾之存活率、增长率等指标无不良影响,施药组发病率远远低于对照组。     

Decisions under uncertainty: a computational framework for quantification of policies addressing infectious disease epidemics

Emerging infectious diseases continue to place a strain on the welfare of the population by decreasing the population’s general health and increasing the burden on public health infrastructure. This paper addresses these issues through the development of a computational framework for modeling and simulating infectious disease outbreaks in a specific geographic region facilitating the quantification of public health policy decisions. Effectively modeling and simulating past epidemics to project current or future disease outbreaks will lead to improved control and intervention policies and disaster preparedness. In this paper, we introduce a computational framework that brings together spatio–temporal geography and population demographics with specific disease pathology in a novel simulation paradigm termed, global stochastic field simulation (GSFS). The primary aim of this simulation paradigm is to facilitate intelligent what-if-analysis in the event of health crisis, such as an influenza pandemic. The dynamics of any epidemic are intrinsically related to a region’s spatio–temporal characteristics and demographic composition and as such, must be considered when developing infectious disease control and intervention strategies. Similarly, comparison of past and current epidemics must include demographic changes into any effective public health policy for control and intervention strategies. GSFS is a hybrid approach to modeling, implicitly combining agent-based modeling with the cellular automata paradigm. Specifically, GSFS is a computational framework that will facilitate the effective identification of risk groups in the population and determine adequate points of control, leading to more effective surveillance and control of infectious diseases epidemics. The analysis of past disease outbreaks in a given population and the projection of current or future epidemics constitutes a significant challenge to Public Health. The corresponding design of computational models and the simulation that facilitates epidemiologists’ understanding of the manifestation of diseases represents a challenge to computer and mathematical sciences.     

Holocene occurrence of Lophodermium piceae, a black spruce needle endophyte and possible paleoindicator of boreal forest health

Holocene occurrences of conifer needle endophytes have not previously been reported. We report the fossil remains of Lophodermium piceae (Fckl.) Hoehn., a fungal endophyte of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) needles, in macrofossils dating back to 8000 cal yr BP. Spruce budworm head capsules and L. piceae remains were found preceding charcoal layers delineating the transformation of four spruce−moss forest sites to spruce−lichen woodland. As L. piceae is found solely on senescent needles, its increased presence during these transformation periods likely indicates that the forests were in decline due to the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) when they burned. Future paleoecological studies incorporating needle fungi observations could be used to investigate the historical occurrence of tree disease and the role of fungi in forest health and decline.