一种通用球面等积离散网格生成算法

球面离散网格模型是管理海量数据的有效途径,如何构建球面网格是这类模型的基础问题.文中利用Snyder等积多面体投影建立了平面与球面的对应关系,设计了球面等积三角形和四边形离散网格的生成算法.结合实验分析了两种网格的最大/最小边长比和单元周长均方差两项指标,结果表明全部网格的指标均收敛,适合用作多分辨率地理空间信息的管理.     

Simple and Ordinary Multigaussian Kriging for Estimating Recoverable Reserves

Multigaussian kriging is used in geostatistical applications to assess the recoverable reserves in ore deposits, or the probability for a contaminant to exceed a critical threshold. However, in general, the estimates have to be calculated by a numerical integration (Monte Carlo approach). In this paper, we propose analytical expressions to compute the multigaussian kriging estimator and its estimation variance, thanks to polynomial expansions. Three extensions are then considered, which are essential for mining and environmental applications: accounting for an unknown and locally varying mean (local stationarity), accounting for a block-support correction, and estimating spatial averages. All these extensions can be combined; they generalize several known techniques like ordinary lognormal kriging and uniform conditioning by a Gaussian value. An application of the concepts to a porphyry copper deposit shows that the proposed “ordinary multigaussian kriging” approach leads to more realistic estimates of the recoverable reserves than the conventional methods (disjunctive and simple multigaussian krigings), in particular in the nonmineralized undersampled areas.     

Numerical simulation of fracture flow with a mixed-hybrid FEM stochastic discrete fracture network model

We introduce a discrete fracture network model of stationary Darcy flow in fractured rocks. We approximate the fractures by a network of planar circle disks, which is generated on the basis of statistical data obtained from field measurements. We then discretize this network into a mesh consisting of triangular elements placed in three-dimensional space. We use geometrical approximations in fracture planes, which allow for a significant simplification of the final triangular meshes. We consider two-dimensional Darcy flow in each fracture. In order to accurately simulate the channeling effect, we assign to each triangle an aperture defining its hydraulic permeability. For the discretization we use the lowest order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element method. This method gives quite an accurate velocity field, which is computed directly and which satisfies the mass balance on each triangular element. We demonstrate the use of this method on a model problem with a known analytical solution and describe the generation and triangulation of the fracture network and the computation of fracture flow for a particular real situation.     

3维Douglas-Peucker算法及其在DEM自动综合中的应用研究

在分析2维Douglas-Peucker算法原理实质的基础上,提出3维Douglas-Peucker算法,并将此法应用到对DEM的基础———3维离散点的自动综合上。采用计算机程序对新算法进行的验证,初步结果表明该算法能较好地筛选出DEM整体及局部范围的地貌特征点,其计算效率也较令人满意。     

Discrete element modelling of deep penetration in granular soils

This paper presents a numerical study on deep penetration mechanisms in granular materials with the focus on the effect of soil–penetrometer interface friction. A two‐dimensional discrete element method has been used to carry out simulation of deep penetration tests on a granular ground that is under an amplified gravity with a K₀ lateral stress boundary. The numerical results show that the deep penetration makes the soil near the penetrometer move in a complex displacement path, undergo an evident loading and unloading process, and a rotation of principal stresses as large as 180°. In addition, the penetration leads to significant changes in displacement and velocity fields as well as the magnitude and direction of stresses. In general, during the whole penetration process, the granular ground undergoes several kinds of failure mechanisms in sequence, and the soil of large deformation may reach a stress state slightly over the strength envelope obtained from conventional compression tests. Soil–penetrometer interface friction has clear effects on the actual penetration mechanisms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fisher判别及自动获取元胞自动机的转换规则

提出一种基于费歇尔(Fisher)判别和离散选择模型相结合来自动获取地理元胞自动机转换规则的方法。CA的核心是如何定义转换规则,但目前主要是采用启发式的方法来定义转换规则,受主观因素影响较大。本模型结合离散选择模型,通过对Fisher判别方法进行改进,可以成功搜索最佳分隔单元发展和不发展的变量组合,自动确定模型参数值。与常用的Logistic回归模型进行对比分析,结果表明,所提出的方法具有更高的模拟精度,转换规则有着清晰的物理意义。此外,本模型在模拟多类复杂的土地利用变化时可能更具有优势。     

离散目标群的边界搜索

搜索离散目标群的边界是地理信息系统(GIS)和地图学中一个重要问题,传统的算法是基于矢量数据的。本文提出了基于栅格数据搜索离散目标群的边界的新方法,并用两个点群算例介绍了用闭运算搜索边界的方法与流程,为数字高程模型生成、地图学等提供一种新的边界搜索方法。     

太阳黑子数时间序列的奇异谱分析和小波分析

本文对小波变换和奇异谱分析方法进行了简要介绍,对离散小波的分解和重构、奇异谱分析的重构进行了详细阐述。结合太阳黑子数1749年至2007年3月期间的月平均值时间序列进行了小波变换的分解和重构及SSA方法的重构,提取了其主要的周期特性,并对两种分析方法进行了比较。     

Decentralized and coordinate-free computation of critical points and surface networks in a discretized scalar field

This article provides a decentralized and coordinate-free algorithm, called decentralized gradient field (DGraF), to identify critical points (peaks, pits, and passes) and the topological structure of the surface network connecting those critical points. Algorithms that can operate in the network without centralized control and without coordinates are important in emerging resource-constrained spatial computing environments, in particular geosensor networks. Our approach accounts for the discrepancies between finite granularity sensor data and the underlying continuous field, ignored by previous work. Empirical evaluation shows that our DGraF algorithm can improve the accuracy of critical points identification when compared with the current state-of-the-art decentralized algorithm and matches the accuracy of a centralized algorithm for peaks and pits. The DGraF algorithm is efficient, requiring O(n) overall communication complexity, where n is the number of nodes in the geosensor network. Further, empirical investigations of our algorithm across a range of simulations demonstrate improved load balance of DGraF when compared with an existing decentralized algorithm. Our investigation highlights a number of important issues for future research on the detection of holes and the monitoring of dynamic events in a field.     

冰脊形成过程的离散元模拟及影响因素分析

冰脊对极地船舶及海洋工程结构的冰载荷设计及冰区安全运行具有重要的影响,其几何形态是重要的考虑因素。为研究冰脊的几何形态,本文基于Voronoi切割算法构造扩展多面体海冰单元,并使其相互冻结形成平整冰;采用离散单元法模拟海冰在相对运动时挤压形成冰脊的动力过程,统计分析脊帆高度、龙骨宽度、龙骨深度、龙骨水平倾角等主要几何参数,并确定这些几何参数间的对应关系。将离散元模拟结果同冰脊现场观测资料对比分析以验证扩展多面体离散元方法模拟冰脊形成过程的可行性。在此基础上讨论冰厚、冰速、海冰强度等因素对冰脊形态的影响。本文采用离散元方法对冰脊形成过程及几何特性的数值分析可为深入开展冰脊的形成机理及其对船舶、海洋工程结构物的冰载荷分析提供参考依据。